152 



infected areas should be encouraged by the issue of licences at reduced 

 fees to non-residents. In the low veld areas where there are few, if 

 any, cattle, and in areas surrounding game reserves, shooting game 

 under licence should be allowed. A European ranger should be 

 appointed to supervise the game reserves in each district ; the existing 

 open area on both sides of the roads should be maintained for some 

 time, and the bush adjoining roads passing through Tsetse-fly areas 

 should be burned repeatedly. The assistance of owners is stated to 

 be necessary to control nagana, since matters such as insufficient 

 herding, transport riding in summer in areas in which the disease is 

 endemic, and lack of isolation measures are better dealt with by 

 owners than by the State. 1 



CHAPTER XV. 



MODE OF COLLECTING, PRESERVING AND STUDYING 

 TSETSE-FLIES 



MATERIALS NEEDED FOR COLLECTING TSETSE-FLIES. The would-be 

 collector of Tsetse-flies and other Diptera needs but little in the way 

 of equipment : all that he requires is a net, a cyanide killing-bottle, 

 glass-bottomed cardboard pill-boxes, entomological forceps, needles 

 mounted in handles, entomological pins, cork-carpet or pith, one or 

 two corkrlined entomological store-boxes, and a good platyscopic lens. 



The following notes on the foregoing articles are taken from 

 " Instructions for Collectors : No. 7. Blood-Sucking Flies, Ticks, etc." 

 By Major E. E. Austen, D.S.O. Fourth Edition. 1914. 2 



A suitable collecting-net can be obtained from any dealer in natural- 

 history apparatus Any net used for collecting butterflies will serve, 

 but, on the whole, perhaps an ordinary umbrella-net or kite-net will 

 be found the most useful. 3 One or two spare net-bags are advisable 

 in case the one in use gets torn. 



The cyanide killing-bottle should be prepared as follows : Cover the 

 bottom of a glass jar, which must have a wide mouth and a closely 



1 According to a statement published at the end of 1920 (cf. Jl. Dept. Agric. t 

 Union S. Africa, Pretoria, i, no. 9, p. 799, December 1920) owing to the serious 

 losses of stock from trypanosomiasis experienced by recent settlers, arrangements 

 were then being made by the Government of the Union of South Africa to 

 carry out a special investigation of Tsetse-flies in the Empangeni area of Zululand. 



2 London : British Museum (Natural History). Obtainable from the Director, 

 price 3d. 



3 Should a ready-made net not be available, the reader can easily make 

 a substitute for himself in either of the following ways, as advised by Prof. G. H. 

 Nuttall, F.R.S., of the Quick Laboratory, Cambridge. 



(a) Bend a piece of strong wire (such as telegraph wire) into a circle about 

 12 in. in diameter, and bind the two ends to the end of a strong stick. To the ring 

 thus formed attach a bag of muslin or fine mosquito netting, about 2 ft. in length ; 

 the bottom of the bag should not be brought to a point, but should end bluntly, 

 and the edges of the material should be se\\ n together on the outside, so as not 

 to make an internal hem which would afford a lodgment for small insects. 



(b) To make a stronger and more practical type of net, proceed as follows. 

 Procure a Y-shaped tube, with arms of smaller calibre than the stem, and bend 

 the arms until they are at right angles to the iatter. Insert a flexible cane into 

 one of the arms, and a strong stick into the stem, to serve as a handle. Bend the 

 cane into a circle, and attach a net made as in (a) , but having the upper edge 

 turned over to form a tube through which the cane is passed ; finally insert the 

 free end of the cane into the other arm of the Y. A net of this kind is both 

 light and cheap. 



