The Development Theory. 195 



but many successive lava floods; and under- 

 lying all these a continuous mass of shales and 

 sandstones reaching back under the mountain 

 to Tualatin plains in one direction, to Scap- 

 poose and the Lower Columbia in another, 

 and to Eugene City and the upper Willamette 

 in still another. And so connected are all 

 these parts that no portion can be separated 

 from the others in the part it took in this one 

 act of creating power which we call the crea- 

 tion of this mountain. 



Each of these portions of this mountain 

 has a history of its own, the whole a common 

 stretch of history. If we turn to the first, the 

 surface layer, and ask it of its record, we shall 

 be informed of ground-up material, of freez- 

 ings and thawings, of oxidations and deoxi- 

 dations, of additions from decaying leaves 

 and logs, by all of which means this surface 

 soil Was brought to its present condition of 

 usefulness. If we examine the layer under- 

 lying this surface one, that of the boulder clay, 

 we shall find a like stretch of history to mark 

 its preparation for its place. The drift of the 



