128 Veferhiary Obstetrics 



In the horse, hemaphroditism tends, generally, towards the de- 

 velopment of testicles, which are largely retained within the ab- 

 domen and attached and located the same as the ovaries, but 

 may descend into an imperfect scrotum ; the vulva, vagina 

 and uterus may develop almost perfectly, as in one case occuring 

 in the clinic of this college (Fig. 54), where the vulva and 

 vagina were sufficiently developed that the animal was castrated 

 through the vagina in the same manner as mares are spayed. 

 The rudimentary penis, or enlarged clitoris, usually ends either 

 in the vulva or in the vicinity of the ischial arch, with the urethal 

 opening directed backwards. In other cases, this organ is pro- 

 longed down between the thighs, but, still, as a rule, is directed 

 backwards at its extremity. The niammse are usually moderately 

 developed in the.se animals and, upon casual examination, have 

 the appearance of the mare, although, as in one ca.se operated 

 upon by us, there were, just above the.se rudimentary glands, small 

 scrotal pouches containing the imperfectly developed testes. 



These animals present chiefly the sexual characters of the crypt- 

 orchid horse with all his deranged .sexual desire and tendency- 

 to viciousness. In the case illustrated by Fig. 54, the head, 

 neck, voice and disposition were those of a cryptochid horse, and 

 the vulva, vagina and uterus were those of a normal mare. When 

 castrating the animal, the vagina underwent the customary bal- 

 looning, which indicated functional activity. The erectile organ 

 occupied a middle place between the clitoris of the mare and the 

 penis of the horse. 



In Fig. 14 is shown the generative apparatus of a pig, in which 

 the hermaphroditism is of quite a different character, one of the 

 glands having developed into a typical ovary, the other a testi- 

 cle, the two sides of the genital apparatus thus representing the 

 two sexes. 



Sections of the.se genital glands show one to be a typical crypt- 

 orchid testicle with tubuli semeniferi, the other a primitive 

 , ovary with scattering Graafian follicles containing ova. The 

 Muellerian ducts have developed into typical oviducts, uterus 

 and vagina, and, from the Wolffian ducts, have formed typical 

 vasa deferentia and the penis is normal in form and extent. 



We have found no records of fertility in hermaphrodites of the 

 equine or other species. 



