He^norrhages i7i the Udder 983 



when examined after slaughter, were found to consist of very 

 tense cysts, varying in size from a hazelnut to a hen's egg, and 

 containing a clear fluid and echinococci. 



There are also observed, in the udder, retention cysts. A milk 

 canal leading from a portion of the gland becomes occluded, and 

 consequently a quantity of milk is imprisoned until it causes a 

 sufficient distension that it is readily seen and felt. It presents 

 the characters of a fluctuating tumor, and, when opened, dis* 

 charges ordinary milk. 



The handling of tumors of the udder consists essentially of 

 their early enucleation, or the amputation of the entire gland. 

 It is especially important, when malignancy is suspected, that 

 the entire gland should be removed early, and along with it 

 should be included any neighboring lymph glands which are prob- 

 ably or possibly involved. If the malignant tumor has existed 

 for a long period of time, the probabilities are that its removal 

 will but excite other disease foci in neighboring glands to in- 

 creased activity, and that the disease will run a more virulent 

 course than if left untouched. 



15. Hemorrhages in the Udder. 



Hemorrhages may occur in any part of the udder, either be- 

 cause of trauma or exalted blood pressure, and may result in the 

 formation of hematoma ; or the blood may flow into the larger 

 milk canals or milk cistern and be milked out. 



The symptoms necessarily vary greatly according to the loca- 

 tion of the injury and volume of blood escaping from the vessels. 

 A large volume of blood causes a distinct .swelling of the udder. 

 This is especially notable if a hematom occurs in the subcutaneous 

 connective tissue. In pendulous udders the gland is constantly 

 turned to and fro upon its long axis, during the progression of 

 the animal, because at each step it strikes against the advancing 

 hind limb, or it comes in violent contact with obstacles in the 

 path of the animal, from either of which causes the udder may 

 receive more or less serious injuries. In the normal gland, in- 

 jury may result from rough milking, from treads or other- 

 wi.se. 



The milk from an animal suffering from mammary hemor- 

 rhage may be mixed with blood, or pure blood may be drawn 

 from the teat. If the hemorrhage is very extensive, the udder 



