50 PLANT PROPAGATION 
they should be bound with a ligature of woollen thread, 
or material of a like description, to hold everything 
firmly in position, and at once covered with clay or 
grafting-wax for excluding air and preventing the sun 
and wind from drying up the sap. 
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WHIP- OR TONGUE-GRAFTING, 
Cleft-Grafting. 
In this mode, which is a very objectionable one in 
many respects, the stock has to be split open by a chisel 
or other instrument, and. the scion cut wedge-shaped 
and fitted in the cleft so that the inner barks may meet 
each other, The plan is largely adopted in some parts 
