182 PLANT PROPAGATION 
is by offsets, which some sorts produce freely, others 
only sparingly. New varieties are raised from seed 
sown in light sandy soil in a cold frame in February, the 
seedlings being transplanted outdoors in the following 
year. They take from four to six years to grow to 
flowering size, and when the first blossoms open they 
are not fixed, but in that stage are called ‘‘ breeders,” 
which in due course break into other colours and 
markings. | 
Turnips.-—The first outdoor crop is sown in March, 
and small successional sowings are made at intervals 
until June. In July the main crop may be sown, either 
broadcast or in drills (the latter for preference) about a 
foot apart, thinning out the young plants to 9 inches in 
the rows or according to the strength of the variety. 
TussiLtaco.—The variegated form T. Farfara varie- 
gata is the only cultivated variety, and is propagated 
by division in March. The Winter Heliotrope (T. 
fragrans) is now placed with the Petasites, and, although 
appreciated for its early blossoms and fragrance, be- 
comes a weed when planted in the garden among choice 
subjects. | 
ULEx (Furze, Gorse, Wuin).—The different species 
are raised from seed. Irish Furze rarely produces seed, 
but that and the double-flowered variety of U. europeus 
are propagated by cuttings and grown on in pots to 
insure safety when transplanting. 
UrcEoLinA.—The pretty Drooping Urn Flower (U. 
pendula) is increased by offsets carefully taken off when 
repotting. Seed sown soon after ripening and grown 
on in loam, peat, and sand in an intermediate house will 
flower in two years. 
UTRICULARIA (BLADDER-wortTs). — The handsome- 
