LIST OF PLANTS - 185 
autumn, and stood outdoors in full sun. The best canes 
are selected for fruiting in pots the following year ; 
those not quite so strong for planting in permanent 
situations. Any weaker ones are shortened down 
(called ‘‘ cut-backs”’) for growing on to make extra 
strong canes the next season. 
For renovating old, well-established Vines of inferior 
or undesirable varieties, inarching young growths, using 
a young Vine in a pot for the scion, is a very successful 
method. Whip-grafting after the stocks have made a 
little growth, to prevent bleeding and to draw up the 
sap to sustain’ the scion until united, is another plan 
frequently adopted. Layering by pegging shoots of the 
previous year’s growth in a shallow trench, and, when 
the new shoots have grown a few inches, filling in the 
soil, is yet another easy means, as each growth can be 
taken off in autumn with roots attached; but this mode, 
and that of propagating by cuttings of ripe shoots, are 
not much practised in this country. 
Some weak-growing varieties have been found to 
succeed better when worked on stocks of more vigorous 
sorts, such as Muscat Hamburgh on Muscat of Alex- 
andria and Madresfield Court on Muscat of Alexandria 
or Black Alicante. 
VioLa.—Propagate the tufted Violas by cuttings, 
which can be obtained in plenty by cutting a few plants 
over in July. Insert in a shady border under hand- 
lights ; or shorten back in August, work some fine sandy 
soil among the growths, and divide the rooted portions 
in September. Divide crowns of Violet (V. odorata), 
discarding those that are old and exhausted, in April, 
plant out, and keep runners pinched off. Other species 
may be propagated by runners (restricting the number 
