194 SYNS. AND CHARS. OF ANTHUS LUDOVICIANUS 



Stee. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1870, 1871. 463. Coop. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1870, 75. Coop. 

 B. Cal. i. 1870, 78. Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1871, 19. Trippe, Pr. Ess. Inst. vi. 1871, 

 115. Allen, Bull. MCZ. ii. 1871, 267. Allen, Bull. MCZ. Hi. 1872, 161, 175 (Colorado, 

 breeding). Allen, Am. Nat. vi. 1872, 396,Hartinff, Man. Brit. B. 1872, 109 (Great 

 Britain l).Aiken, Pr. Bost. Soc. 1872, 196 (Colorado, breeding). Trippe, Pr. Bost. Soc. 

 xv. 1872, 234. Maya. Pr. Bost. Soc. xiv. 1872, 360. Ooues, Key, 1872, 90, f. 34. Mayn. 

 B. Fla. 1873, U.Ridgw. Bull. Ess. Inst. v. 1873, 180. Merr. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, 

 for 1872, 1873, 713. Snow, B. Kans. 1873, 4. Trippe, Pr.Bost. Soc. xv. 1873, 234. Allen, 

 Pr.Bost. Soc. xvii. 1874, 50. Coues, BNW. 1874, 40. Yarr. ff Hensh. Rep. Orn. Specs. 

 1874, 10. Hensh. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 41. B. B. $ R. NAB. i. 1874, 171, fig. pi. 10, f. 

 3. Hensh. List B. Ariz. 1875, 156. Hensh. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1876, 187. 



Alauda ludovicana, Turt. SN. i. isoe, 482. 



Anthus ludoviceanus, Bd. Ives's Rep. pt. v. 1861, 5. 



AnthUS ludovicrnus, Merriam, U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1872, 1873, 674. 



AnthUS ludOVicanuS, Trippe, Coues's BNW. 1874, 231. 



Aiauda rubra, Gm. SN. i. pt. ii. 1788, 794, no. 15 (from Briss., Buff, Edw., etc.). Lath. IO. 

 ii. 1790, 494, no. 10. Turt. SN. i. 1806, 482. 



Motacilla hudsonica, Lath. IO. ii. 1790, 503, no. 6 (no references ; orig. descr. well suiting pres- 

 ent species). Turt. SN. i. 1806, 616. F. OAS. ii, 1807, 47. F. Ency. Mth. ii. 1823, 409. 



Alauda migratoria, Bartram, Trav. Fla. 1st Am. ed. 1791, p. 290 bis (see Coues, Proc. Phila. 

 Acad. 1875, 346). 



AnthUS rubens, Merrem, " Ersch Grub. Encycl." 



Alauda rufa, Wils. AO. v. 1812, 89, pi. 42, f. 4.Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 181. 



AnthUS spinoletta, Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826, 90.Nutt. Man. i. 1832, 450. Ornith. Comm. 

 Journ. Phila. Acad. vii. 1837, 193 (Columbia River). Town*. Journ. Phila. Acad. viii. 

 1839, 154. Peab. Rep. Orn. Mass. 1839, 317. Thomps. NH. VernWt, 1853, 86. 



AnthUS aquatiCUS, 5. ff R. FBA. ii. 1831, 231, pi. 44, And. OB. i. 183JTname on pi. 10. 



AnthUS piplens. And. OB. i. 1832, 408; v. 1839, 449, pi. 80. Bp. CGL. 1838, 18. 



AnthUS reinhardtii, Holbull, "Fn. Gronl. ed. Paulsen, 1846, 25". 



Alauda pensilvanica, Briss. Orn. 1760, App. 94, no. 13. 



AnthUS pensylvanicus, Thienem-tnn, Rhea, ii. 1849, 171 (monographic). Zander, J. f. O. i. 

 1853, Extrah. 1854, 63 (monographic). Zander, Naumannia, iv. 1854, 13 (monographic). 



AnthUS pennsylvanlCUS, Gaetke, J. f. 0. 1856, 71 (Heligoland). 



Farlouzanne, Buff. " Hist. Nat. des Ois. v. 38". 



LouiSiane Lark, Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1783, 376, no. 7 (based on Buff. v. 38). 



HudSOnian Wagtail, Lath. Syn. Suppl. ii. 1801,231, no. 3. 



Alouette aux joues brunes de Pensilvanie, Buff. "Hist. Nat. des Ois. v. 58 ". 



Hochequeue de la bale d 'Hudson, r. Ency. Meth. ii. 1823, 409. 



Lark from Pensylvania, Edw. " Glean, pt. ii. 185, pi. 297 ". 



Bed Lark, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 393, no. 279 (Pennsylvania). Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1783, 376, no. 8. 



Polarpleper, Thienemann, 1. c. 



Alouette pipe, Le Maine, Oip. Canad. 1861, 185. 



American Pipit or Titlark, Prairie Titlark, Reddish-brown Titlark, Brown Lark, 



Authors. 



HAB. The whole of North America. South to 

 Guatemala and perhaps further. Greenland. Ber- 

 mudas. Casual in Europe (Heligoland, Gatke ; and 

 see especially Harting, I. c. swprd). No West Indian 

 quotations. 



CH. SP. 3 2 Olivaceo-brunneuSj fusco- 

 notatus; alia fuscis, brunneo-limbatis ; caudd 

 fused, rectricibus lateralibus 1-3 ex parte 

 albis ; orbitis, superciliis, partibusque infe- 

 rioribus ex toto brunneo-albidis, pectore lateri- 



FIG. 27. Bill and foot of 7 



American pipit; nat. size, busque olivaceo-bruuneo stnatis. 

 $ 9 : Above, olive-brown, most of the feathers with dusky centres, giving 

 a streaked or nebulated appearance. Wings blackish-brown, the quills and 



