CHARACTERS OF PARULA AMERICANA 209 



Compsothlypis Americana, Cab. MH. i. 1850, 20.- Gundl.J. f. O. 1855, 476 (Cuba). 

 Mniotilta americana, Gray, G.of B.i. 1848, 196. Reinh. Ibis, iii. 1861, 6 (Greenland). 

 Motacilla cques, Bodd. Tabl. PE. 1783, 46 (PE. 731, f. 1). 



Motacilla ludoviciana, Gm. SN. i. 1788, 983, n. 148 (Briss. iii. 500, n. 55, pi. 26, f. 4 ; Buff. 

 " v. 288" ; Penn. AZ. ii. 407, n. 303). Turt. SN. i. 1806, 605. Less. Tr. Orn. 1631, 418. 

 Sylvia ludoviciana. Lath. IO. ii. 1790, 535, n. 105.-Steph. Shaw's Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 713. 

 Sylvia torquata, V. OAS. ii. 1807, 38, pi. 99. F. Ency. Meth. ii. 1823, 438, n. 67. 

 Thriotli ur us torquatus, Steph. Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiv. 1826, 194. 

 Sylvia pusllla, Wils. AO. iv. 1811, 17, pi. 23, f. 3. Gosge, Alabama, 1859, 295. 

 Sylvicola pusilla, &w. Zool. Journ. iii. 1827, 169 (typo of the genus) ; Cl. B. ii. 1837, 245. 

 Ficcdula ludoviciana, Briss. Orn. iii. 1760, 500, n. 55. pi. 26, f. 4. 



Louisiana Warbler, Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1783, 480, n. 101. Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 407, n. 303. 

 Parus fringillaris, Finch-Creeper, Gates. Car. i. 1771, 64, pi. 64. 

 Parus varius, Bartr. Trav. Fla. 1791, 292. 



Creeping Titmouse, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 423, n. 326. Lath, Syn. ii. pt ii. 1783, 558, n. 27. 

 Yellow-backed Warbler, Lath. Syn. ii. pt ii. 1783, 440, n. 36. 

 Ficedula carolinensis cinerea, Briss. Orn. iii. 1760, 522, n. 66. 

 Figuier cendr6 a collier, Buff. " Hist. Nat. Ois. v. 301 " (PE. 731, f. 1). 

 Figuier cendre, de la Caroline, Buff. PE. 731, f. i. 



Fauvette a collier, V. Ency. Meth. ii. 1823, 438. Le M. Ois. Canad. 1861, 201. 

 Particolored Warbler, Blue Yellow-backed Warbler, Authors. 



HAB. Eastern North America. West to Nebraska (Hayden), and even to 

 the eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado (Aiken); hence 

 probably to be hereafter detected in the Colorado Basin. North regularly to 

 British America (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, &c.) ; casually to Greenland 

 (auct. Rcinhardt, Newton). South through various West India Islands and 

 Mexico to Guatemala at least. Breeds chiefly in the northerly portion of 

 its range, but perhaps in the greater part of the United States (Illinois, Vir- 

 ginia, New Jersey, &c.). Winters from Florida southward. 



CH. SP. $ Subccerulea, dorso medio mrenti-flavo, palpebris 

 albo maculatis, alls albo bifasciatis, caudd albo maculatd, lor is 

 nigricantibus ; subtus alba, jugulo et pectore flavis, spatio pec- 

 torali obscuriore ; maxilla nigrd, mandibuld subflavd aut albidd. 

 Long. tot. 4-4j ; alee 2Jj caudce lj. 9 coloribus minus vegetis ; 

 juv. dorso toto virescente, etc. 



$ , in spring : Upper parts clear ashy-blue, the middle of the back with a 

 triangular patch of greenish-yellow or brownish-golden. Lores dusky. A 

 white spot on each eyelid. Wings blackish, crossed on the ends of the 

 greater and middle coverts with two broad white bars; the primaries nar- 

 rowly, the secondaries more broadly, edged externally with the color of the 

 back, and internally with white. Tail like the wings, with much edging 

 of the outer webs like the back, the middle feathers being mostly bluish ; 

 at least two outer feathers on each side with large, white, squarish patches 

 on the inner web near the end, usually the third feather blotched with 

 white, and a white touch on the fourth and even the fifth feather. Chin 

 and throat yellow, rather narrowly confined, this yellow spreading over the 

 whole breast, but much of the breast spotted or tinged with orange-brown, 

 and the jugulum showing even a decided blackish collar. The coloration of 

 this part is very variable ; sometimes, in addition to the colors mentioned, 

 reddish-brown markings occur in the white along the sides, much as in the 

 Chestnut-sided Warbler. Rest of under parts white. Bill above black; 

 14 B C 



