354 CHARACTERS OF PYRANGA ESTIVA COOPERI 



Red Bird, Carver, Trav. ed. of 1796, 315. 



Pyranga rouge, V. 1. c. D Orb. 1. c. 



Mississipi merle, Brehm, 1. c. 



Tangara vermilion, Le Moine, Ois. Canad. 1861, 280. 



HAB. Eastern Province of the United States. West only to Kansas, the 

 Indian Territory, and Texas, being replaced beyond by var. cooperi. North 

 regularly to the Connecticut Valley (Limley, Merriam), casually to Massa- 

 chusetts (Jillson, as quoted by various authors), and even Nova Scotia (auct. 

 Bidgway, spec, in Nat. Mus.). Cuba. Jamaica. Eastern Mexico. Central 

 America, and South America to Ecuador and Peru. Breeds throughout its 

 United States range. Winters wholly extralimital. 



6. cooperi 



Pyranga jcstiva, f Woodh. Eep. Zufii R. 1853, 82 (probably, in part at least).? Henry, Pr. 



Phila. Acad. vii. 1855, 312 (New Mexico) ; xi. 1859, 106 (New Mexico). Coop. Pr. Cal. 



Acad. 1861, 162 (Arizona). Coues, Ibis, 2d ser. i. 1865, 159 (New Mexico). Ooues, Pr. 



Cal. Acad. xviii. 1866, 71 (Arizona, in part). 

 Pyranga hepatica, Ooues, Pr. Phila, Acad. xviii. 1866, 71 (excl. syns. In part. Intended 



for true hepatica, but wrongly includes the type-specimens of var. cooperi). 

 Pyranga cooperi, Ridgw. Pr. Phila. Acad. xxi. 1869, 130, fig. (New Mexico and Southern 



Kocky Mountains). Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 142. 

 Piranga cooperi, Gray, Handlist, ii. 1870, 61, n. 6847. 

 Pyranga {estiva var. cooperii, Coues, Key, 1872, iii. fig. 52 b. 

 Pyranga lestiva b. cooperi, Coues, BN~W. 1874, 82. 

 Pyranga {estiva var. cooperi, B. B. <& R. NAB. i. 1874, 444, pi. 20, f. 1, 2. Hensh. Rep. Orn. 



Specs. 1874, 60 (Colorado) ; 108 (Arizona). Hensh. List B. Ariz. 1875, 157. Hensh. 



Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. " 1875 " = 1876, 239, pis. 2 (d 1 ) and 3 ( $ ). 



HAB. Southern portion of the Middle Province of the United States, and 

 southward through Western Mexico. 



CH. SP. $ Rubra, dorso aliquantulum obscuriore, remigibus 

 intus fuseis. 9 Flavo-olivacea, subtus ochraceo-flava, remigibus 

 intus fuseis. A $ Major P. cestivd, rostro robustiore, alis cauda- 

 que longioribus. 



J , adult : Red, more rosy or more vermilion according to age, season, or 

 vigor, paler below than above, the back rather darker than the head. Tail- 

 feathers about like the back. Inner webs of the wing-quills and ends of 

 the longer ones fuscous. Rather larger than typical cestiva, the wings and 

 tail longer, the bill rather larger and inclining to be of a darker color. 

 Length, 8-8$; extent, 13-13$; wing about 4; tail about 3 ; bill, f-f; 

 tarsus, f . 



9 , adult : Yellowish-olive above, buffy-yellow below ; tail nearly like the 

 back ; wings fuscous, edged with the color of the back. Rather less than 

 the male. 



The young male resembles the female. Males changing are irregularly 

 patched with the colors of the two sexes. 



This form is extremely near true cestiva, and some of the diagnoses which 

 have been prepared seem to rather force the distinguishing marks. These 

 consist in the rather superior size, seen chiefly in the dimensions of length 

 and extent, the tail being on an average about half an inch longer than that 

 of P. cestiva. and the wing differing not quite so much. The bill is rather 

 larger, and especially longer, nearly or quite equalling the length of the 

 tarsus, instead of decidedly less. Specimens from Texas and Middle Mexico 

 are conceded to be intermediate. 



