SYNONYMY OF LANIUS LUDOVICIANUS 561 



sionally in mountainous districts from the Middle States north- 

 ward ; and I make no sort of doubt that it will also be found 

 to breed in various of the mountain ranges of the West. In 

 narrating an instance of its nesting on the last of April on a 

 low spruce-tree in New Brunswick, within twelve miles of 

 St. Stephen, Dr. Brewer is certainly mistaken in asserting 

 that " we know of a single recent instance in which this bird 

 has bred within the limits of the United States". If the 

 testimony of competent observers is to go for anything, its 

 nesting in mountainous parts of our country is a regular occur- 

 rence. Thus, "many nestle on the mountain ridges of the 

 Alleghanies," says the Rev. Dr. Turnbull (1869). Mr. Miuot 

 also states, without qualification, that u they breed in the forests 

 of Northern Maine ", and such is unquestionably the fact. 



The Common American Shrike 



I, an lus 1 ndo vi claims excnbi tor Ides 



a. ludovicianus 



Lanius ludovicianus, Briss. Orn. ii. 1760, 162, pL 15, f. 2 (" Louisiana "; descr. orig.). L. 

 SN. i. 1766, 134, n. 6 (based on Briss. ii. 162, pi. 15, f. 2). Qm. SN. i. 1788, 298, n. 6 (in part 

 only ; same primary basis, but also quotes PE. 397. Not to be confounded with Gmelin, 

 p. 302, n. 138, which is Tyrannus).Lath. IO. i. 1790, 69, n. 8 (in part). Turt. SN. i. 

 1806, 174 (= Gm.). Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826, 26, 72. And. OB. i. 1831, 300, pL 37. 

 Bp. CGL. 1838, 26. And. BA. iv. 1842, 135, pi. 237. Bp. CA. i. 1850, 363. Burnett, 

 Pr. Boat. Soc. iv. 1851, 116. Oerhardt, Naum. iii. 1853, 38. Pp. Eev. Mag. Zool. 1853, 

 295. C. L. Brehm, J. f. O. 1854, 145, 148 (monographic). Gundl J. f. O. 1855, 469 

 (Cuba [???; cf. J. f. O. 1861, 404]). Eennic. Tr. Illinois Agric. Soc. i.1855, 582 (Illi- 

 nois). Pwfn. Pr. Ess. Inst. i. 1856, 228 (attributed at second-hand to Massachusetts). 

 Case. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1857, 213 (monographic). Bland, Kep. Smiths. Inst. for 1858, 

 1859, 287 (Bermuda). Dress, dk Sharpe, PZS. 1870, 595 (monographic; includes excitbi- 

 torides). 



Collyrlo ludovicianus, Bd. BNA. 1858, 325. Tayl Ibis, 1862, 128 (Florida). Gedney, Am. 

 Nat. iii. 1869, 159. 



Collurio ludovicianus, Bd. Eev. AB. 1866, 443.Coues, Pr. Boat. Soc. xii. 1868, 112 (South 

 Carolina ; habits). Allen, Am. Nat iii. 1869, 579, 580 ; vi. 1872, 266. Purdie, Am. Nat. 

 vii. 1873, 115 (Massachusetts, typical see Bull. Nntt. Club. ii. 1877, 21). Ridgw. Am. 

 Nat vii. 1873, 609. Merr. Am. Nat viii. 1874, 8, 87. Wheat, apud Coues, BNW. 1874, 

 233. B. B. <6 R. NAB. i. 1874, 418, pi. 19, f. 4. Brew. Pr. Bost Soc. xvii. 1875, 441 (New 

 England). Merr. Tr. Conn. Acad. iv. 1877, 34 (Connecticut). Langd. List B. Cin- 

 cinnati, 1877, 8 (Ohio). Allen, Bull Ess. Inst. x. 1878, 15 (Massachusetts ; three authen- 

 tic instances). 



Lanius garrulus, Bartr. Trav. Fla. 1791, p. 289 bis (Florida). 



Lanius ardosiacus, Vieill. OAS. i. 1807, 81, pi. 51. 



Lanius ardosiaceus, V. Ency. M6th. ii. 1823, 729, n. 8. 



Lanius ardesiaceus, f Bp. PZS. 1837, 112. 



Lanius carolinensis, Wils. AO. iii. 1811, 57, pi. 22, f. 5. Bp. Joura. Phila. Acad. iii. 1824, 

 358; iv. 1824, 272.-e*s. Tr. Orn. 1831, 373 (= Wils.). Hartl. Naum. ii. 1852, 52 

 (Cuba [???]). 



Pie-griesche de la Loulsiane, Briss. Orn. ii. 1760, 162, n. 8, pi. 15, n. 2. 



Louisiane Shrike, Lath. Syn. i. pt i. 1781, 162, n. 5 (based on Briss. & Linn. ; exc. the 

 ref. to PE. 397). 



36 B C 



