158 



Types and Market Classes of Live Stock 



more massive development than is found in the steer, yet this does 

 not excuse a rough, prominent shoulder such as would be objectionable 

 in the offspring when they are fed for market. 



The entire front of the bull is well developed and massive, a condi- 

 tion which is inherited by domesticated bulls from their wild ancestors. 

 In the wild state, a bull became the head of the herd only by right of 

 conquest, and his burly head, heavy horns, muscular neck, and massive 

 front were needed to defeat his male rivals, and to protect the herd 

 from its enemies after he had gained leadership. It was a survival of 

 the fittest, which is nature's method of improving the wild animals. 



Fig. 52. — Correct type in the beef bull. Erwin C, champion Aberdeen- 

 Angus bull at the 1913 International. Owned by W. A. McHenry, Denison, Iowa. 



Under domestication, the masculine characters have not the same 

 values as in the wild state, yet they are none the less valuable, because 

 they indicate a rugged, vigorous, and potent animal — qualities highly 

 prized by any breeder. A wide, deep chest and full middle insure a 

 good constitution. The middle is identical in form with the middle of 

 the steer, but more emphasis is placed upon straightness and strength 

 of back. The hips should be smooth, and the hindquarters should be 

 long, level, wide, and heavily fleshed. 



Great variation will be found in the manner in which bulls walk, 

 some doing it awkwardly and clumsily, with the back humped to a 



