Types and Market Classes of Live Stock 437 



the horse should be able to see where he is stepping. The nose and 

 muzzle should be broad, indicating a good feeder. The nostrils should 

 be large (but not permanently distended), to provide easy breathing. 

 Trim lips that are thin show quality and refinement. Strong cheeks, 

 and jaws that are wide across underneath, provide good grinding ability 

 for proper mastication of feed. The ears should be of fine texture and 

 medium size, and should be set well up toward the poll and carried 

 alert. Ears set down on the side of the head and carried in a lopping 

 fashion decidedly injure the appearance. The expression of the eye 

 and the carriage of the ear are good evidences of the temperament and 

 disposition.' The head should be of medium length, and, as viewed in 

 profile, the face line should be rather straight. A Roman face line 

 indicates a strong, determined will, and is not desirable. 



The neck of the draft horse should be at least medium long, and 

 should be very muscular, with some degree of crest or arch to the top. 

 The crest should be pronounced in the stallion, but not so excessive as 

 to break over to one side. At the junction with the body, the neck 

 should be very deep, but at the throttle it should be very trim and 

 rather cut up underneath, with no fullness or thickness there to bring 

 pressure on the windpipe. The head and neck should be carried well up, 

 to insure good vision, lighten the forehand, and improve the appearance. 



The shoulders should be very deep, muscular, and have much 

 slope. An upright shoulder results in transmission of shock, and also 

 in shortness of stride. A sloping, muscular shoulder that is laid in 

 snugly is conducive to good action. Frequently, the shoulders are 

 too open and prominent, so that the horse does not stand over his legs 

 as he should. Such horses do not take a straight stride, but swing 

 their legs outward when in action. 



The tops of the shoulder blades should come well together so that 

 the withers may be well defined, though muscular and not as sharp as 

 in the lighter kinds of horses. 



The breast ^should be wide and very muscular. 



The chest should be full, wide, and deep, to provide room for heart 

 and lungs. The horse is an athlete, and large lungs and good heart 

 action are very essential. A contracted heart-girth shows lack of con- 

 stitution. There is no such thing as too much heart-girth or chest 

 capacity. 



The arm should be very muscular, and should be thrown forward 

 to give slope to the shoulder. 



The forearm should be powerfully muscled, so that as viewed 

 from the side it appears very broad next to the body, tapering to the 

 knee. No muscles are present below the knees and hocks, hence the 

 action is dependent upon the muscles above these joints. 



