I 



52 COSMOS. 



nature, Parmenides and Empedocles, and from thence into 

 the works of prose writers. We will not here enter into a 

 discussion of the manner in which, according to the Pytha- 

 gorean views, Philolaiis distinguishes between Olympus, 



ovpavov Kai yriQ KOI r&v f.v TOVTVIQ Trtpir%ofJi't.vb)V <f>vatuv. Aeytrat fo 

 ai iirkpioQ /cocrXof f) T&V o\div TCL^IQ re /cat diaKOfffirjcnc;, VTTO OKOJV re Kai 

 did Ot&v tyvXctTToiikvr]. Most of the passages occurring in Greek writers 

 on the word Cosmos, may be found collected together in the controversy 

 between Richard Bentley and Charles Boyle (Opuscula PMloloffica, 1781, 

 pp. 347, 445; Dissertation upon the Epistles of Phalaris, 1817, p. 254); 

 on the historical existence of Zaleucus, legislator of Leucris, in Nakt 's 

 excellent work, Sched. crit., 1812, pp. 9, 15 ; and finally, in Theophilus 

 Schmidt, Ad Cleom. cycl. theor., met. I, 1 p. ix., 1 and 99. Taken in a 

 more limited sense, the word Cosmos is also used in the plural (Plut., 1, 5,) 

 either to designate the stars (Stob., 1, p. 514; Plut., 11, 13,) or the 

 innumerable systems scattered like islands through the immensi.jr of 

 space, and each composed of a sun and a moon. (Anax. Claz., FrtJtn. 

 p. 89, 93, 120 ; Brandis, Gesch. der Griechisch-Rdmischen Philosophic, 

 . i., s. 252 (History of the Greco-Roman Philosophy). Each of 

 these groups forming thus a Cosmos, the universe, TO ?rav, the word 

 must be understood in a wider sense (Plut. ii, 1.) It was not until 

 long after the time of the Ptolemies that the word was applied to the 

 earth. Bb'ckh has made known inscriptions in praise of Trajan and 

 Adrian (Corpus Inscr. Grcec., 1, n. 334 and 1306) in which Kocr/iog 

 occurs for oiKov/jitvr], in the same manner as we still use the term world 

 to signify the earth alone. We have already mentioned the singular 

 division of the regions of space into three parts, the Olympus, Cosmos, 

 and Ouranos, (Stob. 1, p. 488; Philolaus, pp.94, 202); this division 

 applies to the different regions surrounding that mysterious focus of the 

 universe, the 'Earia TOV iravroq of the Pythagoreans. In the fragmentary 

 passage in which this division is found, the term Ouranos designates fhie 

 innermost region, situated between the moon and earth; this is the domain 

 of changing things. The middle region where the planets circulate in an 

 invariable and harmonious order, is, in accordance with the special con- 

 ceptions entertained of the universe, exclusively termed Cosmos, whilst the 

 word Olympus is used to express the exterior or igneous region. Bopp, 

 the profound philologist, has remarked, " that we may deduce, as Pott 

 has dene, Etymol. Forschungen, th. i., s. 39 and 252 (Etymol. Researches} 

 the word Kocr/tog from the Sanscrit root 'sud', purificari, by assuming twc 

 conditions ; first, that the Greek K in K0(rjuo comes from the palatial Q , 

 *hich Bopp represents by 's and Pott by f, (in the same manner as d/ea, 

 decem, taihun in Gothic, comes from the Indian word ddsan),and next, that 

 the Indian d' corresponds as a general rule with the Greek Q ( Vergleichen^e 

 Grammatik, 99, Comparative Grammar), which shows the relation <f 

 roo^oe (for Kofytof) with the Sanscrit root 'sud', whence is also derived 

 Another Indian term for the world is gagat (pronounced 

 , which is, properly speaking, the present participle of the verb 



