FIRST AID TO THE INJURED 



while the arms are held down along the sides. This 

 series of movements, constituting one inspiration and 

 one expiration, should be repeated about once every 

 4 sec., or fifteen times per min., for \ l / 2 or 2 hr. if 

 necessary, unless in the meantime a physician pro- 

 nounces life extinct. While working over the patient 

 prevent unnecessary crowding of persons, avoid rough 

 usage, and do not allow the patient to remain on his 

 back unless his tongue is secured. Under no circum- 

 stances should the patient be held up by his feet, nor 

 should he be placed in a warm bath unless under medical 

 direction. 



TRAUMATIC SHOCK 



Severe injuries may sometimes result in traumatic 

 shock (trauma meaning wound), in which the victim 

 appears confused and listless and perhaps stupefied, but 

 not unconscious. The pulses and respiration are per- 

 ceptible, though feeble and irregular. Sometimes the 

 bowels move involuntarily. Intelligence is not usually 

 wholly lost, and the patient can be made to respond to 

 questions if repeatedly urged. This condition may last 

 a few moments or several hours, and may terminate in 

 death. 



Place the patient in a horizontal position with head 

 lowered, and warm him by rubbing and by using warm 

 linen or blankets. Let him inhale the odor from dilute 

 ammonia water. If he can swallow, give a little hot 

 brandy and water with a few drops of ammonia water 

 added; 1 teaspoonful of aromatic spirits of ammonia in 

 a wineglassful of water is also good. From 2 to 4 tea- 

 spoonfuls of turpentine in a quart of water, as hot as 

 may be used without discomfort, may be injected into 

 the bowels, often with good results. 



Wounds consisting of severe bruises are sometimes 

 characterized by numbness, coldness, and absence of 

 bleeding until reaction begins. In such cases, use 

 stimulants and antiseptics and keep the injured part as 

 quiet as possible and protected by warm dressing. 



