i 2 PRACTICAL ANATOMY. 



ANATOMICAL NAME. TECHNICAL NAME. 



Peroneus brevis Musculus extensor tarsi peroneus brevis. 



Peroneus tertius Musculus flexor tarsi peroneus tertius. 



Triceps, Musculus extensor cubiti tricipitalis. 



Biceps Musculus flexor cubiti bicipitalis. 



Supinator longus, Musculus supinator brachio-radialis longior. 



Supinator brevis Musculus supinator brachio-radialis brevior. 



Pronator quadratus Musculus pronator radii quadratus. 



Grammatical Note. In constructing technical names of muscles, note (i) the 

 agent, and (2) the descriptive adjectives are in apposition with musculus. The 

 thing or part of which another part is the agent is in the genitive case. The 

 student will note that adjectives are mainly of the first and second declensions, 

 some of the third ; sublimis belongs to the third, so do not write it snblimus. 



TECHNICAL USE OF PREPOSITIONS. 



An almost unlimited number of words designative of relation are formed by the 

 judicious use of classical prepositions. It will be noted that these words, while 

 governing case in the language from which they are taken, cease to be 

 prepositional in anatomical nomenclature in the great majority of instances. 

 Still they may be so used; and upon the distinction now about to be made depends 

 the proper construction of the new words which come into being by thousands 

 by the simple process of incorporating classical prepositions. In the following 

 cases the words are used prepositionally, and written thus : 



1. Iter e tertio ad quartum ventriculum. 



2. Processus e cerebello ad testes. 



3. Portio inter duram et mollem. 



4. Musculus accessorius ad flexorem, etc. 



5. Musculus accessorius ad musculum, etc. 



In the majority of cases the word is absorbed to form a new word, bearing a 

 close relation in location, and not in structure, to the word into which it was incor- 

 porated. The following examples will illustrate the process of forming new 

 words and their proper writing : Subcostal, intermaxillary, infraorbital, supra- 

 orbital, intraabdominal, extrauterine. Remember, then, this rule for writing 

 these words : Where they are prepositionally used, the preposition governs the 

 accusative ; where they are used in a corporate capacity, the preposition and the 

 qualified word, or its adjective representative, are written as one word. 



Inter is used to express relation between anatomical structures having the 

 same name. Not only does it express relation in this sense, but it also names 

 every structure in the locality : Intercostal space, muscle, fasciae, vessels, and 

 nerves. 



Intra as intrauterine, intrapelvic, intracranial, intrathoracic.-intraabdominal, 

 intratympanic, intramural, intraintestinal, intramuscular, means inside of or in 

 the substance of. Its verbal opposite is extra. 



Sub implies location under, in the sense of occupying a deeper plane : Sub- 

 cutaneous, subserous, submucous, subperitoneal, subpleural, subsynovial, subcon- 

 junctival. It has no opposite, none being necessary to make descriptions of this 

 nature more definite. Its legitimate field of usefulness in our nomenclature 

 seems to be in expressing relations in the concrete rather than in the abstract. 

 Submucous means a territory under all mucous membrane ; subcutaneous, under 

 the skin everywhere, regardless of location of skin or kind of animal. How 

 such expressions as submuscular, subosseous, or subgastric would shock our 

 conception of the proper use of this word ! Still, such barbarisms as sub- 

 maxillary, submental, and sublingual are sanctioned by usage and good usage, 

 too. 



