24 PRACTICAL ANATOMY. 



torum, the peroneus tertius, the anterior tibial artery and nerve. It is continu- 

 ous above with the deep fascia ; below, with the dorsal fascia. 



External annular ligament extends from outer malleolus to os calcis. Under 

 it are the peroneus longus and peroneus brevis. On it rest the short saphenous 

 vein and nerve. 



Internal annular ligament extends from inner malleolus to os calcis. Under 

 it are the tibialis posticus, the flexor longus digitorum, a sheath containing the 

 posterior tibial nerve, artery, and veins ; behind this sheath is the tendon of the 

 flexor longus hallucis. 



Dorsal fascia fascia dorsalis pedis is on the back of the foot. It covers 

 the extensor muscles and the dorsalis pedis artery. It is continuous above with 

 the annular ligament ; below, with the extensor tendons to the toes. 



Plantar fascia is on the sole of the foot. It has three parts, an outer or 

 hypothenar, an inner or thenar portion, a central portion. These cover three 

 muscles, forming the first layer. Behind, it is attached to the os calcis ; in front, it 

 is continuous with the ligamenta vaginales. 



Ligamcnta vaginales are strong sheaths for the flexor tendons. They are 

 lined by synovial membrane. These thecae all terminate in thecal culs-de-sac 

 1.5 inches above the toe-clefts. 



DEEP FASCIA ASSOCIATED WITH MUSCLES. The location of some muscles is 

 such that their action extraordinarily develops the fascial investment on one 

 surface of the muscle. This is always at the expense of the fascia on the other 

 side of the muscle. The fascia then takes the name of the muscle, as follows : 



1 . Masscter muscle, masseteric fascia. 



2. Temporal muscle, temporal fascia. 



3. Deltoid muscle, deltoid fascia. 



4. Supraspinons muscle, supraspinous fascia. 



5. Infraspinous muscle, infraspinous fascia. 



. 6. Obturator interims muscle, obturator fascia. 



7. Iliac muscle, iliac fascia. 



8. Transversalis muscle, transversalis fascia. 



9. Pectoralis major muscle, pectoral fascia. 

 10. Biceps muscle, bicipital fascia. 



DEEP FASCIA IN SURGICAL AREAS. i. The deep fascia helping to form the 

 base of the axilla is called axillary, suspensory. It is strong, continuous in front 

 with the pectoral ; externally, with the brachial ; posteriorly, with the fascia of 

 the latissimus dorsi. 



2. Pelvic fascia has the following names according to muscle, function, etc. : 

 Iliac, iliac muscle ; psoas, psoas muscle ; obturator, obturator internus muscle ; 

 anal fascia, levator ani muscle ; pubo-prostatic, anterior ligament of bladder ; 

 recto-vesical ; pelvic white line ; inner layer of the triangular ligament. 



3. Popliteal fascia helps to form the roof of the popliteal space. It possesses 

 some transverse muscular fibres, by which the resiliency of the fascia is kept up 

 in forced extension of the leg. It is perforated by the short saphenous vein and 

 nerve. 



4. Cubital fascia covers the cubital fossa in the retiring angle of the elbow. 

 It covers the median nerve, the tendon of the biceps, the brachial artery and its 

 terminals, the radial and ulnar, and some of their branches. It is also called 

 bicipital fascia, semilunar fascia, and falciform fascia. 



DEEP FASCIA FORMING INTERMUSCULAR SEPTA. \. The group of muscles an 

 the front of the thigh is separated from the adductor group internally, and from 

 the flexor group posteriorly ; also, the flexor group is separated from the 

 adductor group. 



2. The peronei muscles are separated from the flexors behind and the group 



