ARTICULA TIONS. LIGAMENTS. t .. ? 



(iii'e tlic Junction of tlic articular processes ami tell :c/tci' kiini of joints thcv 

 form ri '//<// in juxtaposition. 



The articular processes, by their union, make the vertebral column a concrete 

 whole, the separate parts of which column move or turn on each other. They 

 form diarthrodial articulations of the arthrodial subdivision. The ba^i- of tin- 

 joint is a capsule lined by synovial membrane. 



(irrc tlic function of the transverse processes and explain their serial inorpli, 

 in tlie four regions of the column. 



The transverse processes arc for the attachment of ligaments, muscles, and 

 either fully developed ribs, or rudimentary ones, called costal elements. The 

 simplest series is in the thoracic region. Here we find a transverse process articu- 

 lating with a rib in such a manner as to leave a space bounded by a rib, transx 

 process, and pedicle. This space is a vascular opening, and is called a costo- 



The interdpinoua 

 ligament 



The aupruplnouB 

 ligament 



FIG. 335. THE INTERSPINOUS AND SUPRASPINOUS LIGAMENTS IN THE LCMIIAR REGION. 



transverse space. The extremes of the column show this costo-transverse space : 

 a well-formed vertebral canal in the cervical region ; a mere collection of small 

 foramina in the lumbar region ; a depression transmitting a few small vessels in 

 the sacrum, between the costal and the transverse element of the ala of this bone. 

 (Fig. 334.) In the cervical region the rudimentary rib obtains as the anterior 

 tubercle ; in the thoracic region the costal portion is maximal a rib ; in the 

 lumbar region, the transverse process is suppressed and the costal element is 

 very large ; in the sacral region the costal elements of the first three sacral 

 vertebra; are modified to form the auricular part of the sacrum, for articulation 

 with the ilium. 



In view of the great importance of the subject of the serial morphology ol 

 the vertebra? in your dissections, I here introduce figure 334, which will illustrate 

 the foregoing, leaving the subject of morphology for the student to read up in 

 Morris. 



Gii'c the function of the spinons processes and name their ligaments. 



