EXPERIMENTAL INOCULATION 481 



ulceration along the lines of the scratches ; the temperature rises to 40-41 G., 

 the neighbouring glands become enlarged, there is a discharge from the nose 

 and the animal dies in a few days. 



Post mortem there are nodules on the nasal and laryngo-tracheal mucous 

 membranes and small infarcts in the lungs which on pressure exude drops of 

 a thick very virulent pus. Similar infarcts may be found in the liver, kidneys, 

 spleen and other internal organs. 



Mules. Horses. Cutaneous inoculation in these species is generally 

 followed by a sub-acute or chronic attack of glanders. The temperature 

 may be slightly raised or may remain normal ; there is a discharge from the 

 nose and the glands in the neck become enlarged ; occasionally rales may 

 be heard in the lungs and the animal may be short of breath. In some 

 cases however there may be practically no symptoms for a long time. Post 

 mortem examination reveals small grey tubercles in the lungs surrounded by a 

 narrow zone of congestion. These tubercles consist of a fibrous shell containing 

 a small drop of pus. 



Guinea-pigs. The guinea-pig is nearly as susceptible to glanders as the ass. 



The inoculation of material containing only the glanders bacillus into the peri- 

 toneal cavity of a guinea-pig gives rise to very characteristic lesions (vide post), but 

 if other organisms be present as well as the glanders bacillus the animal suffers from 

 an ordinary peritonitis. When dealing with impure material therefore it is better first 

 to isolate the organism in pure culture, which may be done as follows : inoculate 

 a guinea-pig sub-cutaneously with the material : an abscess will form at the site 

 of inoculation and the neighbouring glands will become enlarged. Excise one of 

 these glands, grind it up in a mortar and inoculate the emulsion into the peritoneal 

 cavity of a second guinea-pig. 



Cutaneous and sub-cutaneous inoculation. Cutaneous inoculation should 

 be done on the back, and sub-cutaneous inoculation beneath the skin at the 

 top of the thigh. In the former case an ulcer develops at the site of inocula- 

 tion, and in the latter case a local abscess forms accompanied by lymphan- 

 gitis and swelling of the neighbouring glands which may break down and 

 form abscesses. The animal sickens and dies in 4r-8 weeks. 



It is characteristic of glanders that an enlargement of the testicle a 

 glanders sarcocele often results after inoculation of a male guinea-pig : 

 about the second week the testicles may have reached a considerable size ; 

 the scrotum at first red and tender soon begins to ulcerate and small 

 " chancres " are developed ; the tunica vaginalis is involved, in the early 

 stages it becomes adherent to the testicle and is subsequently infiltrated with 

 small miliary abscesses. 



The lungs, liver, spleen and lymphatic glands are all more or less infiltrated 

 with small miliary tubercles with purulent centres. 



Intra-peritoneal inoculation. A male animal should be selected for the 

 purpose. The characteristic lesion then is the appearance of a glanders 

 sarcocele after 2 or 3 days ; the animal generally dies during the second 

 week after inoculation. When the inoculated virus is highly virulent (cultures, 

 for example) or when the dose inoculated is large, death may take place in 2 or 

 3 days from septicaemia before any nodular lesions have had time to appear. 



Mice. Field mice are highly susceptible to glanders and succumb within 

 a week of being inoculated. The internal organs, and particularly the spleen, 

 are thickly covered with tubercles. 



White mice on the other hand are more highly immune but succumb 

 after the inoculation of a virus of increased virulence. 



Leo succeeded in rendering white mice susceptible to glanders by feeding them 

 on phloridzin. After being fed exclusively on biscuits soaked in an alcoholic 



2n 



