824 



THE FLAGELLATA 



birds, pigeons, Indian crows, the chaffinches, the gold finches, Java sparrows 

 (Padda oryzivora). The parasites are present in the blood and bone marrow. 



[Petrie found trypanosomes in several species of birds at Elstree in Hert- 

 fordshire house martins, song thrushes, blackbirds, swallows, yellow- 

 hammers. The trypanosomes were not found in the blood but only in the 

 bone marrow.] 



The following description by Danilewsky revised by Laveran is applicable to the 

 Trypanosoma avium [of the owl, Syrnium aluco]. The parasite is fusiform in shape 

 and has an undulating membrane and an anterior flagenum. The cytoplasm stains 

 deeply by Laveran's method, so deeply that the tropho -nucleus and kineto-nucleus 

 are only just visible. The trypanosome including the nagellum is about S3-45// 

 long. Multiplication takes place by longitudinal fission. 



FIG. 397 Bird trypanosomes. (After Danilewsky.) 



The trypanosome can live 5-8 days in blood kept aseptically in a pipette at a 

 temperature of 22 C. Under these conditions Danilewsky has observed spherical 

 bodies which divide and give rise to spherical amoeboid bodies each having a nucleus : 

 these bodies become pyriform and a very motile flagellum appears at their anterior 

 extremities (Trypanomonas, Danilewsky). After a certain lapse of time these new 

 forms assume the characteristic appearances of the trypanosome. 



In addition to T. avium other trypanosomes are found in birds, e.g. trypano- 

 somes of the type T. rotatorium of frogs, and long slender trypanosomes with 

 no free flagellum. 



10. Trypanosomes in cold blooded vertebrata. 



Trypanosomes have been found in Batrachians, reptiles and fish. 



Trypanosomes in frogs. Many species of trypanosomes are found in frogs. The 

 most widely distributed is Trypanosoma rotatorium (Undulina ranarum [Ray Lan- 

 kester], Trypanosoma sanguinis [Gruby]) which ha? been studied by Gliige, Danilew- 

 sky, Mayer, Gruby, Chalachnikow, Ray Lankester and others. It is found, especially 

 in summer, in Rana esculenta, R. viridis, Hyla viridis, Bufo vulgaris, etc. 



T. rotatorium varies much in size and shape. There is a flat form enrolled on 

 itself ; a simple flat form, membranous, very active ; pectinated forms either 

 fan- shaped or in the form of a cornucopia, etc. In length it varies from 40-60/x 

 and even 75/x, and in width from 5-40/z. It is the largest of all the known trypano- 

 somes (Laveran and Mesnil). 



The cytoplasm contains a nucleus and a centrosome always situated close together, 

 the nucleus being anterior to the centrosome. The undulating membrane is very 

 much folded and its free border is continued anteriorly as the flagellum. 



Trypanosomes in Fish. Trypanosomes were discovered in fish by Valentin in 

 the blood of [a trout] Salmofario, and they have since been found by Remak, Mitro- 

 phanow, Danilewsky, Chalachnikow, Lingard and others in [a loach] Cobitisfossilis, 

 [the Prussian carp] Carassius vulgaris, [carp] Cyprinus car pis, Perca fluvialitis, and 

 other fish. 



Laveran and Mesnil have found Trypanosomes in sea fish : [ray] Raja punctata, 

 R. mosaica; [small dog-fish] Scyllium canicula, and [large dogfish] Sc. stellare ; 

 [sole] Solea vulgaris. 



