4 THE EQUIPMENT OF THE FARM. 



years ago when plough, harrow, grubber, roller, cart and 

 waggon, and fork and flail were almost all the implements 

 of the farm inevitable as much of it is, is really more 

 than can be justified. And if w r e here go through the 

 long list of tools now 7 used, it must not be supposed that 

 all of them are considered always necessary. 



Drainage Implements. A draining plough for steam 

 power* consists of a vertical coulter carrying a horizontal 

 mole suspended from the beam frame of a four-wheeled 

 carriage. It is hauled by wire rope from the winding 

 drum of a steam engine, and the mole is raised or lowered 

 by screw gear as it travels, according to the unevenness of 

 the surface. When used as a mole plough two pits are 

 first dug, one at each headland : the coulter is then lowered 

 into the one and hauled to the other, the mole leaving an 

 open waterway behind. When pipes are used, pits are 

 dug at intervals : a wire rope is hooked on to the heel of 

 the mole, and pipes strung on it are drawn through the 

 distance between two pits ; the wire rope is withdrawn, 

 leaving the pipes behind, and another length of pipes is 

 strung on. Depth 2 to 3 feet. For very steep inclines, and 

 in subsoils liable to wash away, mole drains are unsuitable. 



Hand draining tools are made in sets. A complete set for 

 clay, loam, and gravelly soils includes common spade and 

 top graft spade for all soils, a 20-inch middle graft tool, 

 15-inch bottom graft, flat and round bottom push scoops, 

 flat and round bottom draw scoops, a pipe-laying tool and 

 collar-laying tool, a reel with 100 yards of line, three 

 levelling staves with T heads, a rod 8 feet long and 

 graduated, so as to enable the workmen to know the depth 



* Fowler (Leeds) improved by Eddingloo. 



