THE IMPLEMENTS OF THE FARM. 7 



the furrow slice, as they leave a rougher and better surface 

 for covering the seed. 



The ordinary cultivator or grubber is a five or seven- 

 tined tool. The teeth are uniformly arranged in a frame, 

 which is carried on wheels, and this being raised or lowered 

 enables the tines or teeth to enter the land, in which they 

 are dragged at depths varying from 5 to 9 inches, in equi- 

 distant paths, thus stirring the whole mass of the soil. 

 Here, too, there is great variety of construction, the several 

 forms varying in the shape and arrangement of the teeth 

 and in the provisions for raising or lowering them. They are 

 also constructed somewhat differently for horse and steam 

 power draught. 



The practice of smashing up land by horse and steam 

 cultivators, instead of systematic ploughing, has greatly in- 

 creased, and the tines and shares of horse and steam cul- 

 tivators resemble each other in principle. 



There are five systems of steam culture in use, viz., 

 (1) the double-engine system two traction engines, one on 

 each headland, with implement between : (2) the single- 

 engine system a traction engine with winding drums on 

 one headland, and a self-moving anchor opposite ; (3) the 

 roundabout system a stationary engine and windlass, 

 with two self-moving anchors, the rope going round the 

 field ; (4) the light rope system (Fisken's) a manilla rope 

 going round the field, supported by rope-porters, taken 

 into snatchblocks at the corners, and driven by the 

 fly-wheel of a stationary portable engine : and by going 

 round pullies on self-moving windlasses, one on each head- 

 land, the implement is hauled to and fro between them. At 

 the engine there are pulleys for keeping the manilla rope at 

 the proper degree of tension ; (5) double engine system 



