20 THE EQUIPMENT OF THE FARM. 



either made with a conical runner in a horizontal or 

 vertical case, and fluted cylinders with differential speeds, 

 or a fluted runner works against a fixed flute breast. 

 The flutes may he cut parallel to the axis of the cylinder, 

 hut spirally grooved rolls and breasts are preferred. 

 Crushing mills with smooth rollers are used for bruising 

 oats, malt and linseed. Cake breakers are toothed roller 

 mills for reducing linseed, rape, and cotton cake to- 

 different degrees of fineness, as required by different kinds 

 and ages of livestock. 



Turnip cutters, and pulpers, for root crops, are made 

 in great variety. They are generally modifications of 

 Gardner's Banbury turnip-cutter, which retains its popu- 

 larity. It is a horizontal cylinder provided with knives 

 standing out from its surface, which dig into the roots in 

 the hopper above, and cut out ribbon-shaped or finger- 

 shaped slices. Pulping is effected by providing a revolving 

 surface, either disc or cylinder- shaped, studded with saw- 

 teeth, which rasp and reduce the roots in the hopper to 

 something in the nature of sawdust thus enabling it to 

 be thoroughly commingled with chaff and meal before 

 being given to stock. 



The Potato-washing machine is an open sparred cylinder 

 filled with potatoes, and rotated in a trough full of water 

 by a winch-handle ; when clean the cylinder is raised up 

 out of the water by a chain wound on the axle a door 

 on the side is opened, and the washed potatoes discharged 

 or the spurred cylinder may be provided with an " Archi- 

 median " screw arrangement at its lower end, by which the 

 potatoes are automatically discharged as it revolves. 



Steam and hot water cooking apparatus form another 

 division of food-preparing machines. Steam is generally 



