THE FARM HOMESTEAD. 105 



water troughs in every yard. This system is well adapted 

 for the wintering of store cattle. 



An abundance of light and exercise is essential to the 

 healthy development of all young animals ; hence the calf- 

 pens should he warm and roomy, having access to a well- 

 sheltered yard during the day. The building must be well 

 ventilated ; the floors should be formed of one of the various 

 descriptions of concrete which are easily kept clean. All 

 crevices which favour the accumulation of dung and urine 

 are highly objectionable in a calf- house for naturally 

 decomposition takes place, and gases are evolved which are 

 injurious to health. The pens should be made of sufficient 

 size to accommodate from four to six animals. Each pen 

 should be furnished with a small manger ; iron is not only 

 the best, it is also the cheapest material. For dividing 

 the pens to J-inch iron pipe is sufficiently strong when 

 supported either by wood or iron posts. The calf-pens 

 should have doors facing the south, and be so arranged as 

 to allow of being easily cleaned. 



Piggeries Pigs are not generally considered very 

 profitable stock, unless it be on large dairy farms where 

 cheese or butter is made, and large quantities of whey or 

 buttermilk have to be dealt with. Accommodation for one 

 or two breeding sows, and a fattening pen, should how- 

 ever be provided. Where large numbers are kept, this 

 can be done in one or other of the yards set apart for stock, 

 choosing one with the deepest and most sheltered shedding 

 for the purpose; and providing strong fixed troughs for their 

 food. The usual custom of housing breeding and fattening 

 of swine, however, is in long narrow sheds with separate 

 compartments, each having a narrow entrance and an open 



