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to fifteen feet in length should be used with three feet below ground. The 

 portion below ground should be tarred so that it will not decay. If the tarred 

 area is carried up for a foot above ground level the danger is lessened still 

 more. If these are driven in about ten or twelve inches from the base of the 

 tree the root will not be damHged and the tree will be held in piece. The usual 

 practice is to tie the tree to the stake at several points with soft hemp rope. 

 If this can be run through rubber hose - so much the better. After eight or ten 

 years the trees have usually outgrown the need of the stake end it can be removed, 

 repointed and recarred and used for other smaller trees. 



In uany cities it has been found that trees are subject to mutilation by 

 horses, especially. And Figs. and show that the damage is consider- 



able if not remedied. There are two methods of combatting this difficulty. 



The way very commonly used in the East and in a desultory way by private 

 individuals in California, is to provide a guard of some description. These 

 guards vary from a roll or two of two inch hexagonal wire mesh, to a wooden frame 

 such as is commonly used in V/ashington, D.C., or an elaborate iron guard. For 

 old trees the wire mesh guard is entirely adequate and for young trees a wire 

 meeh guard supplemented with stout stakes, will answer all purposes. The wooden 

 guard is a little more effective and is reasonably durable. The only advantage 

 of the iron guard is its durability and in some cases, its beauty. Unfortunately, 

 there ore many times when it is not a thing of beauty. Of all these, the iron 

 guard is the most durable and the most expensive, the expense in most cases being 

 prohibitive. 



Instead of incurring this expense, some of our southern California towns 

 have enacted ordinances which prevent hitching to or near a tree, within a certain 

 distance. At first there were a few violations, but now it is the accepted 

 scheme of things and so far as was noted, there are no cases of mutilation of bark 

 or trunks of trees in those towns. Whether this \vould hold in a great city or 

 not, we cannot say. Certainly the intense civic pride of these cities does much 

 to make their respective ordinances effectual. 



