THE SPRUCE AND HEMLOCK 11 



The red pine (Pinus resinosa) is another tree that has 

 two needles to each cluster, but these are much longer 

 than those of the Scotch pine (five to six inches) and are 

 straighter. The bark, which is reddish in color, also dif- 

 ferentiates the red pine from the Austrian pine. The 

 position of the cones on the red pine, which point outward 

 and downward at maturity, will also help to distinguish 

 this tree from the Scotch and the Austrian varieties. 



GROUP II. THE SPRUCE AND HEMLOCK 



How to tell them from other trees: The spruce and 

 hemlock belong to the evergreen class and may be told 

 from the other trees by their leaves. The characteristic 

 leaves of the spruce are shown in Fig. 9; those of the 

 hemlock in Fig. 10. These are much shorter than the 

 needles of the pines but are longer than the leaflets of the 

 red cedar or arbor vitse. They are neither arranged in 

 clusters like those of the larch, nor in feathery layers like 

 those of the cypress. They adhere to the tree throughout 

 the year, while the leaves of the larch and cypress shed in 

 the fall. 



The spruces are pyramidal-shaped trees, with tall and 

 tapering trunks, thickly covered with branches, forming 

 a compact crown. They are widely distributed through- 

 out the cold and temperate regions of the northern hemi- 

 sphere, where they often form thick forests over extended 

 areas. 



There are eighteen recognized species of spruce. The 

 Norway spruce has been chosen as a type for this group 

 because it is so commonly planted in the northeastern 

 part of the United States. 



The hemlock is represented by seven species, confined 



