190 



STUDIES OF TREES 



obviated by the planting of forests. France and Germany 

 have suffered from inundations resulting from forest devasta- 

 tion and, more than a hundred years ago, both of these 

 countries took steps to reforest their mountain slopes, 

 and thereby to prevent many horrible disasters. 



How forests are established: New forests may be 



FIG. 130. Diagrammatic Illustration of a Selection Forest. 



started from seed or from shoots, or suckers. If from seed, 

 the process may be carried on in one of three ways: 



First, by sowing the seed directly on the land. 



Second, by first raising young trees in nurseries and later 

 setting them out in their permanent locations in the forest. 

 This method is applicable where quick results are desired, 

 where the area is not too large, or in treeless regions and 



