198 STUDIES OF TREES 



of timber within a reasonable time; see Fig. 122. These 

 fundamental requirements represent the difference between 

 conservative lumbering and ordinary lumbering. Besides 

 insuring a future supply of timber, conservative lumbering-, 

 or lumbering on forestry principles, also tends to preserve 

 the forest floor and the young trees growing on it, and 

 to prevent injury to the remaining trees through fire, 

 insects and disease. It provides for a working plan by 

 which the kind, number and location of the trees to be cut 

 are specified, the height of the stumps is stipulated and 

 the utilization of the wood and by-products is regulated. 



Conservative lumbering provides that the trees shall 

 be cut as near to the ground as possible and that they shall 

 be felled with the least damage to the young trees growing 

 near by. The branches of the trees, after they have been 

 felled, must be cut and piled in heaps, as shown in Fig. 122, 

 to prevent fire. When the trunks, sawed into logs, are 

 dragged through the woods, care is taken not to break 

 down the young trees or to injure the bark of standing trees. 

 Waste in the process of manufacture is provided against, 

 uses are found for the material ordinarily rejected, and the 

 best methods of handling and drying lumber are employed. 

 Fig. 135 shows a typical sawmill capable of providing 

 lumber in large quantities. 



In the utilization of the by-products of the forest, such 

 as turpentine and resin, Forestry has devised numerous 

 methods for harvesting the crops with greater economy 

 and with least waste and injury to the trees from which the 

 by-products are obtained. Fig. 136 illustrates an improved 

 method by which crude turpentine is obtained. 



Forestry here and abroad: Forestry is practiced in 

 every civilized country except China and Turkey. In 

 Germany, Forestry has attained, through a long series of 



