ILLUSTRATIONS. 



Page. 



PLATE I. Fig. 1. Main building, Royal Pomological School, Geisenheim, 

 Germany. Fig. 2. Giant tree of Pyrus (Sorbus) domestica, 



Taunus, Germany 14 



II. Fig. 1. Cider apple trees by the roadside, Normandy, France. 



Fig. 2. Glimpse into an old pear orchard, Normandy 20 



III. Types of cider apple trees in Normandy, France 22 



IV. Homes of peasant cider makers in Normandy, France 24 



V. Fjg. 1. Train loaded with cider apples in sacks, France. Fig. 2. 



Ox cart used for hauling apples in Germany 48 



VI. Fig. 1. Itinerant cider makers at work in streets; straw used in 

 building up cheese, Rennes, France. Fig. 2. Similar outfit 



mounted for travel, waiting for a job, Trouville, France 58 



VII. Fig. 1. Butleigh Court, Somersetshire, England, seat of English 

 cider experiment station. Fig. 2. The cider orchard at But- 

 leigh Court 74 



TEXT FIGURES. 



FIG. 1. Bin made of hurdles for outdoor storage of apples, used in England. 50 



2. The "touruauge" apple crusher, Normandy, France 51 



3. Primitive apple grater in use in Germany 54 



4. Primitive single-lever cider press in use in Germany 55 



5. Primitive double-lever cider press in use in Germany 55 



6. The "greif " apple crusher of Germany 56 



7. Slotted bottom of hopper used in "greif" machine 57 



8. "Greif" apple crusher sectional view of hopper 58 



9. Crushing cylinders of the "greif" machine 59 



10. Fermentation and storage room, Noel system, France 60 



11. Vertical section of factory of the "Union Agricole," St. Ouen-de- 



Thouberville, near Rouen, France 63 



12. Ground plan of factory of the * ' Union Agricole " 64 



13. Vertical cross section of small German cider factory with arched 



cellars , 70 



14. Vertical cross section of two-story German cider cellar 71 



15. Noel device for ventilating fermentation casks 82 



16. German earthenware ventilating funnel vertical section 83 



17. Glycerin ventilating funnel 84 



18. Bent ventilating tube 85 



19. Noel ventilating bung 85 



20. Device for maintaining covering layer of carbon dioxid as cider is 



withdrawn 103 



21. Device for charging casks with carbon dioxid in storage cellar 104 



22. Device for burning sulphur match in casks 104 



23. Linen sack gravity filter 105 



24. Cellulose power filter used in Germany ^ 106 



25. Asbestos sack filter " Filtre Maignen " 107 



26. Asbestos gravity filter 108 



