55 



It may not be known to many Americans that John Bartram, the 

 pioneer American botanical collector, made and used a "tour a auge" 

 cider mill on the banks of the Schuylkill in the early days of Pennsyl- 



FIG. 4. Primitive single-lever cider press in use in Germany. 



vania. The circular trough, hewn in the great rock on the bank of the 

 river, yet remains; also the rock-hewn cistern mute witnesses to his 

 ingenuity. From these portions one can in imagination easily recon- 



FIG. 5. Primitive double-lever cider press in use in Germany. 



struct the rest of the mill. This system was very evidently in use in 

 the early days in New Jersey and elsewhere among the colonial 

 farmers for crushing their fruit, but no description or detailed account 

 of its use in America has been found. 



