59 



American mills and presses are to be seen in use in different parts of 

 the country. The presses used ordinarily with medium-sized modern 

 machines are of the screw types, either with a descending screw or a 

 screw firmly set in the base of the press and with falling head blocks. 



In France most of the small mills are of the grater type, with adjust- 

 able concaves for pressing the fruit firmly against the grinding cylin- 

 der. These machines are scarcely worthy of special illustration, but 

 the very common custom of making cider in the streets of the small 

 towns and cities of the French cider districts is so unique as to deserve 

 some notice. 



It is a very common sight in 

 Rennes, Trouville, Nantes, and 

 other west coast towns to see 

 small outfits placed in the street 

 (Plate VI) or on the sidewalk 

 grinding and pressing small 

 quantities of fruit for the 

 householders or the small 

 shopkeepers. The mills pre- 

 sent ordinarily no features 

 that are unusual and are quite 

 uniformly graters operated by 

 hand. Sometimes the frame is 

 mounted on wheels or wooden 

 rollers so that it can be trun- 

 dled -from place to place. The 

 presses likewise are at times 

 mounted on wheels, as shown 

 in the illustration. Practi- 

 cally all presses used for 

 street work are of the central 

 screw type, the power being 

 applied by means of a huge 



nut which is turned down by means of levers. The cheese is either 

 laid up in a crib frame or with straw divisions, as previously explained. 



FACTORY SYSTEMS. 



In the three leading cider-producing countries of Europe are to be 

 found well- developed factory systems differing considerably from 

 one another. Hence it is necessary to take up several types which 

 present certain characteristics and treat each separately. 



FRENCH FACTORIES. 



Although there is much to commend in the cider fruits, the facto- 

 ries, and ciders of the French, yet there was much one could not coni- 



FIG. 9. Crushing cylinders of the "greif " machine. 



