67 



From the upper room, where the first fermentation occurs, the cider 

 runs by gravity at first racking to the room below, which is a sort of 

 half cellar. Here it usually rests until it is finished cider. The rail- 

 ways shown on the ground plan are in this lower room and serve to 

 carry the finished cider in casks of proper size for transportation to a 

 platform at the lower side of the factory, from which they are rolled 

 onto the great carts without lifting, an advantage of considerable 

 importance. 



The space shown in the illustration, however, is not sufficient for 

 the product of this factory, and five cisterns adjoining the lower store- 

 room augment the storage capacity by 60,000 gallons. These are 

 made of slate laid in cement, and the cider stored in them keeps per- 

 fectly. When it is necessary to bring them into use, the cider flows 

 by gravity to them from the lower storeroom. They are carefully 

 closed as filled, and only opened as it becomes necessary to pump the 

 cider out for commerce. This factory has a total annual capacity of 

 about 350,000 gallons. The laboratory is of very great importance, 

 and here Mr. Power makes analyses of fruits and of the product at 

 various stages of manufacture so that all may be well governed. 



GERMAN FACTORIES. 



Among German cider makers of the Taunus and Rhinegau districts 

 to propose fermenting the must in other than good cellars would be 

 heretical. The cellar is here the first essential. Everywhere the 

 small proprietor and the great manufacturer work on essentially the 

 same principles. These cellars are most excellently built of good 

 masonry, the walls being finished in hard mortar and the floors in 

 cement, as though they were intended to endure for ages. Drainage, 

 ventilation, hoists, and the like are carefully looked after. 



Dr. Cluss, in his recent work on cider making, bemoans the careless- 

 ness and lack of method observed in some parts of Germany, but in 

 the districts visited by the writer the people have the details well in 

 hand. Only a few types of factories which illustrate those seen can be 

 taken up in this report. 



The mills most generally in use in Germany for grinding or crushing 

 the fruit are either single-cylinder rasping or grating mills or two- 

 cylinder crushers ("greif " mills.) The simple grater mill serves its 

 purpose very well, but the consensus of opinion seems to be decidedly 

 in favor of the stone cylinder crusher (figs. 6-9). This mill, in dif- 

 fferent sizes, was found in use, some being driven by small steam or 

 gasoline engines. In fact small factories with good appliances and 

 good cellars are quite common in the territory visited. 



The German cider maker may have a building devoted entirely to 

 that purpose, as the large makers invariably do, or, as in the case of 

 farmers and other small makers, he may use only a portion of a build- 

 ing, the balance being used for other purposes. The grinding and 



