INDIANS OF MANHATTAN ISLAND 



27 



North and west of this region, we 

 find the Iroquois territory where most 

 worked celts are angular, having almost 

 invariably a rectangular cross-section 

 and squared butt. Types 1 and 3 also 

 occur, but the celt with the rectangular 

 cross-section seems most typical of the 

 Iroquoian region. Many small celts, 

 made of flat fragments or chips of 

 stone, are also found in this area, and 

 these could scarcely have had a use as 

 chopping tools. 



In the Niagara watershed and 

 extending eastward as far as the 

 Genesee Valley, an angular adze-like 

 form having a trapezoidal cross-section 

 occurs. It is found principally in what 

 was the territory of the Attiwandaronk, 

 Kah-Kwah, or Neutral Nation (an 

 Iroquoian tribe, early annihilated by the 

 Five Nations). It also occurs, as has 

 been stated, on the sites of villages of 

 the Iroquois proper, but is not abund- 

 ant. South of the Iroquois in Central 

 Pennsylvania, another form which does 

 not occur in this region is the chipped 

 celt, usually of flint or other hard stone. 

 This form is, however, frequent in the 

 country about the headwaters of the 

 Delaware. 



In the ''American Anthropologist," 

 Vol. 9, No. 2, p. 296 et seq., Mr. C. C. 

 Willoughby has figured and described 

 the celts of the New England region 

 with remarks on the methods of hafting 

 employed. These seem to be two in 

 number, and consist, in the case of the 

 larger forms, of setting the blade 

 through a hole in the end of a club-like 

 handle, the butt or poll projecting on 

 one side and the blade on the other as 

 in one which was found in the muck of a 

 pond bottom at Thorndale, Dutchess 

 County, New York, a region once in 

 the Mahican territory. Smaller celts 



were set into a club-like handle, the 

 butt resting in a hole or socket. 



Adzes. These seem to be of two 

 kinds, the first and most simple being 

 celt-like, but flat on one side, the other 

 side being beveled to an edge on one 

 side. The second form differs in hav- 

 ing a groove, which is not infrequently 

 ridged. Occasionally, adzes with two 

 parallel grooves occur. They were 

 probably hafted by taking a stick at 

 one end of which projected a short arm 

 at right angles with the shaft, laying 

 the flat side of the blade against this 

 arm and binding it on with sinew, 

 thongs, or withes. The groove, of 

 course, was of aid in securing the blade 

 to the handle. Adzes of stone, hafted 

 in this manner, have been obtained on 

 the North Pacific Coast. The celt 

 adze seems not uncommon, but the 

 grooved adze is rare, neither form 

 being nearly so abundant as in the New 

 England region. 



Gouges. The stone gouge is rare, 

 and seems always to be a plain, single- 

 bladed affair without the transverse 

 grooves so frequently seen in New 

 England specimens, and hereabouts is 

 always easily distinguished from the 

 adze. Less than half a dozen specimens 

 have been seen by the writer from this 

 entire area, although probably quite 

 as much work in wood was done by the 

 New York Coastal Algonkin as by the 

 New England Indians. 



Pestles. The long pestle occurs 

 throughout the region of the Coastal 

 Algonkin of New York, but is nowhere 

 as abundant as in New England. 

 They seem always to have been used 

 with the wooden block mortar here- 

 abouts, and are mentioned by the early 

 writers as part of the household equip- 

 ment of the natives. They do not seem 



