756 



INDEX. 



Perfume in the flower, 454 ; time of its secretion, 

 45G ; various examples of, 456 ; sometimes pro- 

 duces in man convulsions and death, 457. 



Perianth, engraving of, 360 ; how formed, 3GO. 



Perisperm, the, 476; its various conditions, and 

 what it yields, 476. 



Petal, a floral leaf, 361. 



I'tialii'iia, peculiarities of, P. hyemalis and P. nudn, 

 engravings of, 90 ; destructive effects of, in for- 

 ests, 98 ; pine bombyx (Phnlcfnn Bombyx pini\ 

 great ravager of forests, 213 ; only method of ex- 

 terminating, 210 ; engraving of, 21 1 ; monk bom- 

 byx, 213 ; pine-eating (P. Bombyx pinivora), 213 ; 

 why especially dreaded, 213 ; invasion of, how 

 checked, 213 ; engraving of, 214. 



Phaseolus vulgaris, 531, note. 



Philse, island of, engraving of, 673. 



Phcenix dactylifera, forest of, engraving, 487. 



Pholades, description of, 72 ; engraving of, 73 ; how 

 they cut stone, 74, and note. 



Pholas-hunters, how distinguished, 72. 



Phosphorescence of the sea, caused by Medusae, 18. 



Phryganea communis, its habits, 200 ; P. slriala 

 (Sheath Phryganea), engraving of, 200; their 

 habits, 200. 



Physiology of flowers, 447. 



Physophora, Hydrostatic (P. muzonema), 18. 



Phytelephas, yields vegetable ivory, 476. 



Phytolacca decandra, 528, 529, note. 



Pilatus, Mount, dragon of, engraving of, 736. 



Pimelodus Cyclopum, ejected from volcanoes, 628. 



Pine, southern, in the United States, 416, note. 



Pine-Silkworm, engraving of, 149 ; -bombyx, chief 

 ravager of forests, 210 ; engraving of, 211 ; called 

 pine-spinner, 213 ; -eating Phalaenae, 213 ; reason 

 why especially dreaded, 213 ; invasion of, how 

 checked, 213 ; engraving of, 214 ; -twister (Tor- 

 trix lurionana), manner of gnawing plant, 215 ; 

 French, turpentine extracted from, 414, and note; 

 -trees, great longevity of, 508. 



Pinus Canariensis, almost imperishable from being 

 impregnated with resinous secretion, 416 ; great 

 longevity of, 508. 



Pistils, real organs of maternity, whence derived, 

 361 ; of poppy, engraving of, 363 ; of madder 

 plant, engraving of, 363. 



Pitcher-plant, 402 ; engraving of, 305 ; its lids close 

 and open, 401. 



Pith, the, composed of cellular tissue, 352 ; paper 

 made of, 352. 



Placers of California, 542. 



Plane-Tree, great size of, 495 ; Pliny on size of, 495 ; 

 large plane in Smyrna, 496 ; Evelyn and London 

 on size of, 496, note. 



Planets, their proximity to the sun, 708. 



Plants, time of flowering, Pliny's proposal respect- 

 ing, 338 ; uses of to man, 340, and note; anatomy 

 of, 340 ; knowledge of due to microscope, 343 ; 

 cellular structure, 343 ; sexuality of, 361 ; physiol- 

 ogy of, 367 ; absorption, 367 ; some not injured by 

 arsenic, 372, and note ; food of, 373 ; circulation 

 in, 377 ; Hales' experiment, 377 ; vital action of, 

 erroneously ascribed to physical or chemical 

 forces, 384 ; respiration of, 386 ; leaves the lungs 



of, 386 ; respiration of some aquatic. 387 ; re- 

 quire large quantity of carbon, 388 ; respiration 

 of, engraving of, 389 ; how to estimate quantity 

 of oxygen distilled by, 388 ; Lavoisier on, 389 ; 

 difference of respiration at night, 390 ; task of 

 maintaining harmonious composition of air in- 

 trusted to, 390 ; experiments by M. Lacreze- 

 Fossat as to quantity of respirable gas discharged 

 by, 391 ; yellow water-lily, 391 ; transpiration in, 

 391 ; sunflower, transpiration in, engraving, 395 ; 

 Arum, experiment on, by Ruysch, 3%; edible 

 Arum, 397 ; engraving of edible Arum, 397 ; 

 weeping-tree, a vegetable marvel, 398 ; engrav- 

 ing of weeping-tree, 399 ; pitcher-plant, 402 ; 

 purple sarracenia, eccentric structure of, 402 ; 

 growth of, 404 ; Duhamel on growth, 404 ; 

 rapidity of growth of trees, 406 ; dense plants 

 slowest in growth, 406 ; Cavanilles' experiment 

 to show growth of trees, 406 ; bamboo, rapidity 

 of growth, 407 ; fungi grow almost visibly, 408 ; 

 contrasts among, 408 ; tapioca, 409 ; engraving of 

 tapioca plant, 410 ; rose, jasmine, tuberose, 411 ; 

 mint, rosemary, balm, lavender, 411 ; quantity 

 of flowers used by perfumers, 411, note; sugar- 

 cane, 412 ; maize, 412 ; comes from America, 413, 

 note ; manna, 413, and note ; engraving of manna- 

 tree, 414; wax-palm (Ceroxylon andicola), 413; 

 candleberry myrtle, 414 ; French pine, 415 ; gas- 

 eous vapors of, 416 ; emit gleams of light, 417 ; 

 furnish milk and butter, 418 ; medical produc- 

 tions of, 418 ; aromatics produced by, 420 ; poi- 

 sonous juices of, 422 ; sleep of, 428 ; caused by 

 absence of light, 431 ; aspect of clover-field at 

 evening, 431 ; sensibility in, proven by numerous 

 experiments, 436 ; poisoned by Prussic acid, 436 ; 

 operation of narcotics on, 436 ; sensitive, con- 

 tract when irritated, 436 ; energy displayed in 

 biological action in, 426 ; manifestation of, in 

 Cactus grandiforus, 437; adapt themselves to cir- 

 cumstances, 439 ; movements of, 441 ; mobility 

 of, admitted by De Candolle and Tiedemann, 441; 

 move under the influence of light and tempera- 

 ture, 442 ; examples of, 442, 443 : disturbance of, 

 by insects, 444 ; their carnivorous habits, 445, 

 note ; nuptials of, 458 ; the spouses, pistils and 

 stamens, 458 ; means taken to effect the union, 

 460 ; fecundated by means of insects, 464 ; sup- 

 position that each nourishes its particular insect, 

 466 ; union of, in daylight, 468 ; aquatic plants, 

 how they accomplish this, 468, 471 ; short-lived 

 and long-lived, 491 ; with almost invisible stalk, 

 494 ; stalk of vines, 504 ; length of Calamus 

 Rotang and Fucus giganteus, 507 ; density of, 

 518 ; gelatinous, 518 ; migration of, 518 ; showers 

 of, 522 ; disseminated by oceanic currents, 523 ; 

 by rivers, 524 ; by ice, 525 ; by animals, 526, 527, 

 528; by imported products, 530; in tertiary 

 epoch, 570. 



Pleiades, great distance of, from the earth, 700. 



Plesiosauri, 556 ; their appearance, 556. 



Pliny, his idea of a floral calendar, 338 ; carried out 

 by Linnaeus, 338 ; on size of plane-trees, 495 ; on 

 the great age of the olive, 508 ; on the oak, 511. 



Plutonists, opinion of, 537. 



