THE PROTECTION OF BIRDS. 375 



* Smooth sumac, .... Rhus glabra. 

 Poison sumac, poison dogwood, . Rhus Vernix. 

 Poison ivy, Rhus radicans. 



* Raspberries, thimbleberries, and 



blackberries, . . Rubus. 



(All species are eaten by birds.) 

 Wild or dwarf rose, . . . Rosa humilis. 



(The hips of other species are probably eaten.) 

 Red-berried elder, red elder, . . Sambucus pubens. 



* American elder, sweet elder, black 



elder, ...... Sambucus Canadensis. 



Sweet gum, ..... Liquidambar Styraciflua. 



Wild gooseberries and currants, . Ribes. 



(All species.) 



Moonseed, Canada moonseed, . . Menispermum Canadense. 



* Virginia creeper, woodbine, . Parthenocissus quinquefolia. 

 Wild grapes, Vitis. 



(All species.) 



Probably all the thorn trees (Cratcegus}, including the English haw- 

 thorn (Cratcegus Oxyacanlha). 

 Sassafras, ..... Sassafras Sassafras. 



* Red mulberry, .... Morus rubra. 



* Russian mulberry, . . . Morus alba, var. Tatarica. 



* Hackberry, nettle tree or sugar berry, Celtis occidentalis. 

 American holly, .... Ilex opaca. 



* Winterberry, black alder, . . Ilex verlicillata. 



(Probably other species of holly (Ilex) are also eaten.) 

 Climbing bittersweet, staff tree, wax- 

 work, . . . . . . Celastrus scandens. 



* Bayberry (wax myrtle), . . . Myrica Carolinensis. 



* Barberry, common (European), . Berberis vulgaris. 



* Shad bush, June berry, . . . Amelanchier Canadensis. 

 Red chokeberry, .... Aronia arbutifolia. 



(Probably the black chokeberry is also eaten.) 

 Beach plum, ..... Prunus maritima. 



(And probably other plums.) 



Wild red cherry, bird cherry, . . Prunus Pennsylvania. 

 Sand cherry, . . . . . Prunus pumila. 



* Black cherry, rum cherry, . . Prunus serotina, 



* Choke cherry, Prunus Virginiana. 



Withe-rod, Viburnum nudum. 



Sweet viburnum, Nanny plum, sheep 



berry, . . . . Viburnum Lentago. 



Cranberry tree, .... Viburnum Opuhis. 1 



1 Probably the berries of the arrowwoods of this genus are also eaten by birds. 



