44 2 The Canadian Horticulturist. 



Hitherto, we have not been called upon to examine this refuse in our 

 laboratory, but according to Dr. Goessmann, of Massachusetts, they have the 

 following average composition : 



ANALYSIS OF WASTE HOPS. 



Water , 8.98 



Nitrogen 8 



Potash 11 



Phosphoric acid 20 



Lime 27 



Magnesia , 10 



Insoluble matter 63 



The amounts of phosphoric acid and potash closely approximate those in 

 average soils, though somewhat less than those in the best soils. In nitrogen 

 it is somewhat richer. This may be rendered available by first composting the 

 refuse hop, thus insuring fermentation, converting the nitrogen into compounds 

 more or less soluble. Very little good would result from the application to the 

 soil of the unfermented material. 



Incidentally, such fermented refuse would improve the soil by its decom 

 posing organic matter, which is of value apart from its contained nitrogen. 

 Since this material cannot in any sense be considered a rich or concentrated 

 fertilizer, its cost at the farm must be carefully considered before decision can 

 be arrived at as to whether it is an economical manure to use or not. 



Spraying* and Spraying- Pumps. 



592. Sir, — Will you kindly inform me through your valuable journal which is the 

 best spraying machine to use ; also, the best liquid preparation for general spraying for 

 apple scab, wooly aphis, etc. 



N. Butcherat, Fort Moody, B. C. 



Reply by Prof. J. Craig, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, 



Probab'y the best and most useful liquid for spraying is that known as 

 Bordeaux mixture. This has the advantage of being useful both for insects and 

 fungous diseases ; being a combination of copper sulphate and lime, and, when 

 used for insects, Paris green may be added with safety. It has some disadvan- 

 tages, in that it is more difficult to apply than the ammoniacal copper carbonate, 

 which does not clog the nozzle to the same extent, and it can also be applied 

 later in the season without fear of staining the fruit. 



The best spraying machine to use will depend somewhat on the amount 

 of work required of it. For a large orchard it is desirable to purchase a machine 

 operated by horse power. These are offered for sale by a number of pump 

 makers ; among them the Field Force-Pump Co., Lockport, N.Y., and the Nixon 

 Nozzle Co., Dayton, Ohio, and others. For ordinary field work, where the area 



