184 CATTLE. 



It is not a point fairly settled, and deserves peculiar attention from 

 the proprietors of cattle. Our decided opinion is that cattle are 

 exempt from glanders and farcy. 



THE BONES OF THE MOUTH. 



The sides and the greater part of the roof of the mouth are formed 

 by the superior maxiUari/, or upper jaw, seen at a, p. 143, and x, p. 

 144. 'lliis bone is materially diminished in size by the great develop- 

 ment of the frontal bones. It articulates with the lachrymal bone at 

 c, p. 143, and the malar bone at d. P'or the attachment of the 

 masseter muscle, the surface of the bone is roughened and tuber- 

 culated. Immediately above the foremost of the upper grinders in 

 the cut of the skeleton, p. 143, is a little black mark, representing the 

 foramen, or hole through which the nerves and blood-vessels proceed 

 to the lower part of the face. 



The superior maxillary consists of two plates, irregularly separated 

 from each other the outer forms the external, and the other the 

 internal wall of the mouth, as seen at x, p. 144 ; extending upward, 

 and assuming an arched form, the commencement of which is seen at 

 X, it constitutes the greater part of the bony roof of the mouth. The 

 inferior cells of the external part contain the back teeth, or grinders ; 

 the superior ones are the maxillary sinuses ; and in the ox there is a 

 new set of cells, formed by a separation of the plates of the bone, 

 between the roof of the mouth and the floor of the nasal cavity. 



The palatine hona, p, p. 144, occupies considerably more of the 

 roof of the mouth than it does in the horse. 



The anterior maxillary bone is a very insignificant one ; there are 

 no tu.sks, or incisor teeth. There are likewise considerable apertures, 

 one of which is seen between x and z, p. 144, which leave a some- 

 what extensive part of the roof of the mouth and floor of the nose 

 occupied only by cellular substance and membrane. There is little 

 strength required in the part, and therefore there is little provision 

 for it. 



At the base or floor of the mouth is the inferior maxillary, or 

 lower jaw {j, p. 143.) It partakes of the shortness of the bones of 

 the face. It contains the only incisor teeth which cattle have, eight 

 in number, and six molar teeth on each side. It goes back straight 

 to the angle, where it turns to take an upper direction towards its 

 joint with the temporal bone. The consequence of this is, that the 

 muscles, both on the inside and the outside, are small and weak. 

 Power is not wanted ; for the grinders are little if at all used in the 

 first gathering and mastication of the food, and the act of rumination 

 is generally very leisurely and lazily performed. 



Below g, p. 143, is seen the process of this bone, round which the 

 temporal muscle is wrapped, and by which it is moved ; and a little 

 lower is the shallow cavity of the temporal bone, into which the 



