ANATOMY OF THE NECK AND CHEST. 



4. The depressor of the hwer eyelid, a sub-cutaneous muscle of 

 considerable development. 



5. The depressor of the loiver lip, lying along the side of the 

 lower jaw, and going to the inferior lateral part of the under lip, and 

 to separate the under lip from the upper. 



6. Ohicularis palpebrarum (the ring-shaped muscle of the lids), 

 employed in keeping the eyes open. When this muscle ceases to act 

 the eye closes, from the elasticity of the cartilage at the edge of the lid. 



v. The levator of the up>per eyelids. 



8. The depressor of the ear. This is a singular muscle, lying im- 

 mediately under the skin ; running over, and attached to, the parotid 

 gland ; and reaching from the outer side of the root of the ear, down 

 to the very larynx. The ears of the ox have an extensive, although 

 slow motion, and have to defend the eyes from insects. 



9. The different portions of the levator humeri, through the whole 

 of their course : tlve upper part of this muscle was described at p. 

 202. On this muscle the form of the lower part of the neck princi- 

 pally depends, and it is much more developed in some breeds than 

 in others. However thin and deer-like we may wish the neck of the 

 ox to be at the setting on of the head, we look for plenty of muscles 

 at the bottom of it, or we shall have neither strength nor substance 

 in any part of the animal. 



10. The sterno-maxillaris, described at p. 203. 



11. The trapezius (the quadrilateral muscle). This muscle is 

 united with the rhomhoideus longus, and forms the exterior muscular 

 layer immediately below the integument, and above the splenius. 

 (See p. 202, and also the next cut). On this, and on the splenius 

 beneath, depends the form of the upper part of the neck and withers, 

 and, in some breeds, the cervical portion of it is particularly fine. 

 The combined action of the whole is to raise the scapula, and draw 

 the bone forward. 



12. The latissimus dorsi, so called from its extent, being the widest 

 muscle of the back, and reaching over the Avhole of the upper and 

 side part behind the scapula, of which bone it is a muscle, drawing it 

 backward, and elevating its inferior extremity. It is thin ; much 

 adipose matter insinuates itself between the fibres, and gives it a false 

 appearance of substance. 



13. The pectoral is major (the larger pectoral muscle). It is the 

 only pectoral muscle, properly so speaking, for the minor is not 

 found. There are, however, the transverse pectorals, of Avhich we 

 shall give an account presently. From the ensiform cartilage at the 

 termination of the true ribs, and even from the external oblique 

 muscle of the belly, it extends forward, strongly attaching itself to 

 the fourth, fifth, and sixth pieces of the sternum, and also the lesser 

 tubercle of the humerus, and the inner part of the end of tho scapula 

 or shoulder-blade. It draws the scapula into an upright position. 



