THE KIDNEYS AND BLADDER. 375 



the consequence of over-nourishment : there is a predisposition to 

 inflammation ; and from some cause, more or less apparent, that in- 

 flammation is directed to the kidney. The treatment will comprise 

 plentiful bleeding, active purging, the administration of emollient 

 clysters, fomentation over the loins or the application of a mustard 

 poultice to them, bran mashes, gruel, and a small quantity of green 

 succulent food. There is a connection between all these affections of 

 the kidneys, and inflammation of the larger intestines lying in the 

 neighborhood of them ; thence the previous dysentery, and the often 

 obstinate constipation of red-water and pure inflammation of these 

 organs ; and then ^e the necessity of large and repeated doses of 

 purgative medicine, but from which all stimulating ingredients should 

 be excluded, and Avhich would probably, in these cases, best consist 

 of castor or linseed oil. The clysters also should be truly emollient, 

 that w4iile they assist in opening the bowels, they may act as sooth- 

 ing fomentations in the neighborhood of the inflamed organ. Both 

 the oil and the clysters should be continued until the inflammation 

 has perfectly subsided. To the use of these the treatment should 

 generally be confined — most certainly in no part of it should the 

 shghtest portion of diuretic medicine be administered. 



Homoeopathic treatment. — In general this disease is cured by means 

 of aconitum, after which one or two doses of cantharides should be 

 given. In obstinate cases, when the disease does not yield to several 

 doses of the latter remedy, of which however more than one must 

 not be taken during the day, we have recourse to hyoscyamns. Ni~ 

 trum is also very useful. When there is obstinate constipation, nux 

 vomica should be given. Arnica is indicated whenever the disease is 

 attributable to an external injury. 



THE KIDNEYS AND BLADDER. 



The urine secreted, or separated by the kidney, having first accu- 

 mulated in the cavity in the centre of that organ, is conveyed through 

 a duct called the ureter to a more capacious reservoir, the bladder. 

 The ureters are large ; the internal membrane is strong ; the open- 

 ing into the bladder is near to the neck of that vessel, and the ureters 

 terminate near to each other. 



The Bladder of the ox, larger, longer, and of a more oval form 

 fban that of the cow, is lodged between the rectum and the internal 

 iurface of the lower bones of the pelvis. It is supported by a trans- 

 verse ligament, which ties it to the sides of the pelvis ; while it is at- 

 tached by cellular membrane to the rectum above and to the pelvis 

 below, it is confined entirely to the cavity of the pelvis, for one of 

 the compartments of the paunch affords an insuperable obstacle to 

 its entering the proper cavity of the abdomen. When distended by 

 urine, its increase of size is principally shown by its greater round- 

 ness, and not by its increased length and descent into the cavity of 



