XXVI NOTES. 



f 140 ) p. 99. Ph. Fr. von Siebold, Rruidkundige Naamlijst van japansche en 

 ehineesche Planten, 1844, p. 4. How great a difference between the variety 

 cf vegetable forms cultivated for so many centuries past in Eastern Asia, and 

 the comparative poverty of the list given by Columella,inhispoemde Cultn 

 Hortorum (v. 95105, 174176, 255271, 295306), and to which the 

 celebrated garland- weavers of Athens were confined ! It was not until the 

 time of the Ptolemies, that in Egypt, and particularly in Alexandria, some- 

 what greater pains were taken by the more skilful gardeners to obtain variety, 

 particularly for winter cultivation. (Compare Athen. v. p. 196.) 



( M1 ) p. 101. Kosmos, Bd. i. S. 5057 (Engl. edit. Vol. i. p. 4349). 



( 142 ) p. 107. Niebuhr, rom. Geschichte, Th. i. S. 69; Droysen, Gesch. 

 der Bildung des hellenistischen Staatensystems, 1843, S. 3134, 567 

 573 ; Fried. Cramer de studiis quse veteres ad aliarum gentium contulerint 

 linguas, 1844, p. 2 .13. 



( 143 ) p. 109. In Sanscrit, rice is vrihi, cotton karpdsa, sugar 'sarkara, 

 8nd nard nanartha; vide Lassen, indische Alterthumskunde, Bd. i. 1843, S. 

 245, 250, 270, 289, and 538. On 'sarlcara and kanda (whence our sugar- 

 candy), see my Prolegomena de distributione geographica plantarum, 1817, 

 p. 211 : " Confudisse videntur veteres saccharum verum cum Tebaschiro 

 Bambusffi, turn quia utraque in arundinibus inveniuntur, turn etiam quia vox 

 sanscradana scharkara, qua? hodie (ut pers. schakar et hindost. schukur) pro 

 aaccharo nostro adhibetur, observante Boppio, ex auctoritate Amarasinhse, 

 proprie nil dulce (madu) significat, sed qiiicquid lapidosum et arenaceum est, 

 ac vel calculum vesica?. Verisimile igitur, vocem scharkara initio dumtaxat 

 tebaschirum (saccar mombu) indicasse, posterius in saccharum nostrum humi- 

 lioris arundinis (ikschu, kandekschu, kanda) ex similitudine aspectus transla- 

 tarn esse. Vox Bambusae ex mambu derivatur ; ex kanda nostratium voces 

 candis zuckerkand. In tebaschiro agnoscitur Persarum schir, h. e. lac, 

 sanscr. kschiram." The Sanscrit name for tabaschir (see Lassen, Bd. i. S. 

 271274) is tvakkschira, bark milk; milk from the bark (tvatsch). Com- 

 pare also Pott, Kurdische Studien in der Zeitschrift fur die Kunde des Mor- 

 genlandes, Bd. vii. S. 163 166, and the able discussion by Carl Hitter, in 

 his Erdkunde von Asien, Bd. vi. 2, S. 232237. 



O 44 ) p. 112. Ewald, Geschichte des Volkes Israel, Bd. i. 1843, S. 332 

 334 ; Lassen, ind. Alterthumskunde, Bd. i. S. 528. Compare Rodiger, in 

 the Zeitschrift fur die Kunde des Morgenlandes, B. iii. S. 4, on Chaldeans 

 and Kurds, which latter Strabo terms Kyrti. 



( 14S ) p. 112. Bordj, the watershed of Ormuzd, nearly where the chain 



