1 NOTES. 



improbable, yet the latest writings of our great anatomist Johannes Miiller 

 shew with what wonderful acuteness and delicacy Aristotle dissected the fishes 

 of the Greek seas. See the learned treatise of Johannes Miiller on the ad- 

 herence of the egg to the uterus in one of the two species of the genus Mus- 

 telus living in the Mediterranean, which in its foetal state possesses a placenta 

 of the vitelline vesicle which is connected with the uterine placenta of the mo- 

 ther; and his researches on the *ya\eos \fios of Aristotle in the Abhandl. 

 der Berliner Akad. aus d. j. 1840, S. 192-197. (Compare Aristot. Hist. 

 Anim. vi. 10, andde Gener. Anim. iii. 3.) The fineness of Aristotle's own ana- 

 tomical examinations is testified by the distinction and detailed analysis of the 

 species of cuttle-fish, the description of the teeth of snails, and the organs of 

 other Gasteropodes. Compare Hist. Anim. iv. 1 and 4, with Lebert in 

 Muller's Archiv der Physiologic, 1846, S. 463 aud 467. I have myself ia 

 1797 called the attention of modern naturalists to the form of snails' teeth. 

 See my Versuche iiber die gereizte Muskel und Nerveufaser, Bd. i. S. 261. 



( 24 ) p. 159. Valer. Maxim, vii. 2; " ut cum rege aut rarissime aut quam 

 jucundissime loqueretur." 



(2 41 ) p. 160. Aristot. Polit. i. 8, and Eth. ad Eudemum, vii. 14. 



C ) p. 160 Strabo, lib. xv. p. 690 and 695. Herod, iii. 101. 



C 243 ) p. 160. Thus says Theodectes of Phaselis ; see Kosmos, Bd. i. S. 380 

 and 491, (Engl. trans. Vol. i. . 352 and note 437). Northern countries were 

 placed to the West, and southern countries to the East. Consult Volcker iiber 

 Homerische Geographic und "Weltkunde, S. 43 and 87. The indefiniteness, 

 even at that period, of the word Indies, as connected with geographical position, 

 with the complexion of the inhabitants, and with precious natural productions, 

 contributed to the extension of these meteorological hypotheses, for it was 

 given at once to Western Arabia, to the countries between Ceylon and the 

 mouth of the Indus, to Troglodytic Ethiopia, and to the African myrrh and 

 cinnamon lands south of Cape Aromata, (Humboldt, Examen crit. T. ii. p. 35) . 



C* 44 ) p. 161. Lassen ind. Alterthumskunde, Bd. i. S. 369, 372-375, 379 

 and 389 ; Bitter, Asien, Bd. iv. 1, S. 448. 



(^ p. 161. The geographical distribution of mankind is not more de- 

 terminable in entire continents by degrees of latitude than that of plants and 

 animals. The axiom propounded by Ptolemy, (Geogr. lib. cap. 9), that 

 north of the parallel of Agisymba neither elephants, rhinoceroses, nor negroes 

 are to be met with, is entirely unfounded. (Examen critique, T. i. p. 39.) 

 The doctrine of the universal influence of soil and climate on the intellectual 

 capacities and dispositions, and 011 the civilisation of numkiiul, was peculiar to 



