NOTES. ixxvn 



403. Compare also the recent ingenious work of Christian Bartholmess, 

 entitled Jordano Bruno, 1847, T. i. p. 308 ; T. ii. p. 409416. 



t 380 ) p. 246. Jourdain sur les Trad. d'Aristote, p. 236 ; and Michael 

 Sachs, die religiose Poesie der Juden in Spanieu, 1845, S. 180200. 



(S 81 ) p. 247. The greater share of merit in regard to the history of ani- 

 mals belongs to the Emperor Frederic II. Important independent observa- 

 tions on the internal structure of birds are due to him. (See Schneider, in 

 Reliqua Librorum Frederici II. Imperatoris de Arte venandi cum Avibus, T. 

 i. 1788, in the Preface.) Cuvier also calls this prince the "first independent 

 and original zoologist of the scholastic Middle Ages." For Albert Magnus's 

 correct view of the distribution of heat over the surface of the globe, under 

 different latitudes and at different seasons, see his Liber cosmographicus de 

 Natura Locorum, Argent. 1515, fol. 14 B and 23 A (Examen crit. T. i. p. 

 54 58). In his own observations, however, Albertus Magnus unhappily 

 often shews the uncritical spirit of his age. He thinks he knows " that rye 

 changes on a good soil into wheat ; that from a beech wood which has been 

 cut down, by means of the decayed matter a birch wood will spring up ; and 

 that from oak branches stuck into the earth vines arise." (Compare also 

 Ernst Meyer iiber die Botanik des 13ten Jahrhunderts, in the Liunsea, Bd. x. 

 1836, S. 719.) 



C 382 ) p. 248. So many passages of the Opus majus shew the respect which 

 Roger Bacon paid to Grecian antiquity, that, as Jourdain has already remarked 

 (p. 429), we can only interpret the wish expressed by him in a letter to Pope 

 Clement VI. " to burn the works of Aristotle, in" order to stop the propaga- 

 tion of error among the schools," as referring to the bad Latin translations 

 from the Arabic. 



( 383 ) p. 248. " Scientia experimeatalis a vulgo studentium penitus igno- 

 rata ; duo tamen suut modi cognoscendi, scilicet per argumeuturn et experi- 

 entiam (the ideal path, and the path of experiment). Sine experieutia uihil 

 sufficienter sciri potest. Argumentum concludit, sed non certificat, neque re- 

 movet dubitatiouem ; ut quiescat animus in iutuitu veritatis, nisi earn inve- 

 niat via experiential" (Opus Majus, Pars vi. cap. 1). I have collected all the 

 passages relating to Roger Bacon's physical knowledge, and to his proposals 

 for invention and discovery, in the Examen crit. de 1'Hist. de la Geogr. T. ii. 

 p. 295 299. Compare also Whewell, Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences, 

 Vol. ii. p. 323-337. 



P) p. 248. See Kosmos, Bd. ii. S. 228 (Engl. edit. Vol. ii. p. 193). I 

 find Ptolemy's Optics quoted in the Opus Majus (ed. Jebb, Lond. 1733), p. 



