cxxvm INDEX. 



Contrast between the earlier seemingly accidental and comparatively fruitless 

 discoveries of America by the Northmen, and its re-discovery by Columbus, 

 p. 240, 241. Gradual preparation of Columbus's discovery during preceding 

 centuries, p. 242 et seq. : its coincidence with the epoch of other great and 

 influential occurrences and events, p. 298, 299: its important intellectual 

 and moral consequences, p. 299, 300. Epoch of the arrival of Manco Capac, 

 p. 298. Nonpastoral habits of the aboriginal races of America, Note 455. 

 Discussion of the accidental causes which led to the name of America, and 

 exculpation of Amerigo Vespucci from blame on that account, p. 299;*Note 457. 



Analytical calculus, its influence, p. 302, 352. 



Anghiera (Peter Martyr), his letters on the great geographical discoveries then in 

 progress, p. 261, 262 ; Note 108. 



Anglo-Saxon, extracts from an Anglo-Saxon poem, Note 55. 



Antar, the Arabian poem of, p. 48 ; Note 73. 



Anthology, the Greek, p. 13. 



Arabians, their poetic literature in reference to nature, p. 48, 49 ; Notes 7377. 

 Their influence on European cultivation, aud on the progress of natural 

 knowledge, p. 201229 ; Notes, 313360. Astronomy, chemistry, and algebra 

 of the Arabians, see those heads respectively. Discussion of the probable ef- 

 fect on modern intellectual and artistic cultivation of the longer continuance 

 and wider extension of Arab sway, p. 228, 229. What may be termed the 

 " after action" of their influence in Europe favourable to science and natural 

 knowledge, p. 243, 244, 246, 259. 



Archipelago (Grecian), with Asia Minor, the uniting link between Greece and 

 Eastern Asia, p. 137. 



Argonauts, expedition of the, to Colchis, p. 140. 



Arians, the East and West, (or Indians and Persians) their poetic literature in 

 reference to nature, p. 37 42. 



Aristarchus of Samos, his views respecting the structure of the universe, p. 105, 

 175, 309. 



Aristotle, passages quoted from, p. 14, 15, 150, 151, 160. Influence of, p. 156 et 

 seq., 173, 244, 246. His zoological writings, p. 157 ; Notes 235, 237, 239. Ara- 

 bic and Latin translations of, p. 218 ; Notes 338, 339. 



Astronomy of the ancients, p. 105, 106, 308310; Notes 467, 469, 473476. Of the 

 Chaldeans, p. 162 ; Note 248. Of the Greeks and Greco-Egyptians, p. 163, 

 175, 176. Of the Arabians and Indians, p. 221225, 289; Notes 350 354. 

 Knowledge of the southern heavens gained in the epoch of the oceanic disco- 

 veries, 287 293 ; Notes 443 450. Rapid advancen. -nt of astronomy in the 

 succeeding epoch, Copernicus, Tycho Brahe, the discovery of the telescope, 

 Galileo. Kepler, and Newton, p. 301328. 



(Nautical), p. 258, 259, 293296 ; Note 454. 



Atlantic first opened by the Phoenicians, p. 129, 130: and to the Greeks by the pas- 

 sage of Colaeus of Samos, p. 146. Boundless prospect thus opened, and ten- 

 dency of successive nations towards the unknown west, p. 129, 130, 146, 147. 

 Early navigation of the Catalans to the west coast of Africa and discovery of 

 the Azores, p. 258. Papal " line of demarcation" in the Atlantic, and its phy- 

 sical characteristics as assigned by Columbus, p. 279, 280; Note 431. Cur- 

 rents in the Atlantic, p. 286, 287 ; Note 441. Tracts covered with seaweed, 

 p. 287. 



Atmosphere, invention of instruments for determining its temperature, pressure, 



