CXXXVU1 INDEX. 



Optics, Ptolemy's experiments in, p. 182, 193 ; Note 283. Alhazen on the refrac- 

 tion of rays, p. 221 . Investigations in the seventeenth and succeeding centu- 

 ries, p. 328330 ; Notes 504-507. 



Ossian, p. 36, 37; Note 57. 



Ovid, p. 19, 20; Note 30. 



Oxidation of metals, p. 342344; Note 530. 



Oxygen, first observation of the gas, and first discovery of its properties, p. 345. 



Pacific Ocean, first heard of by Columbus, p. 267, 268. Importance of its dis- 

 covery towards meteorological as well as geographical knowledge, p. 268, 269. 

 First seen by Balboa, and navigated by Magellan, with subsequent discove- 

 ries, p. 270, 271, 273 ; Notes 418, 422, 423, 425. 



Painting, landscape, p. 7491 ; Notes 107125. 



Panoramas, suggestions for rendering them a highly effective means of dif- 

 fusing and increasing a knowledge and love of the beauties of creation in the 

 different regions of the Earth, p. 90, 91. 



Paradise Lost, p. 62. 



Parks and gardens of different countries, p. 9599 ; Notes 128139. 



Pendulum first used to measure time by the Arab, Ebn Junis, p. 221 ; Note 

 3*9. Experiments with the seconds, p. 350 ; Notes 541, 542. 



Persian poetry in reference to nature, p. 37, 4042 ; Notes 66, 67. Parks of the 

 Persian kings, p. 95. Ancient Persian empire, and its influence, p. 137. Sup- 

 posed Persian knowledge of lightning conductors, Note 186. 



Petrarch, p. 51 ; Note 82. 



Phlogiston, doctrine of, or phlogistic theory, p. 343, 344 ; Note 531. 



Phosnicians, their place among the early civilized nations of the globe, and 

 their extensive navigation, commerce, and influence, p. 125133, 145. 

 Their circumnavigation of Africa under the Egyptian monarch, Nechos II., 

 p. 125 ; Notes 163, 172. Their manufactures, p. 128. Their colonies, p. 126, 

 129,143,145; Note 173. Their weights, measures, and money, p. 126. Their 

 influence in advancing and diffusing arithmetical, nautical, and astronomical 

 knowledge, and above all in communicating to European nations, and 

 especially to the Greeks, the use of alphabetical signs, p. 126128. Know- 

 ledge of useful chemical preparations derived from them, p. 115. 



Phrygians, p. 136. 



Pierre, Bernardin de St., p. 63. His beautiful descriptions of tropical scenery, 

 p. 65, 66. 



Pigafetta, his supposed mention of the log, p. 259; Note 405. Notice of the 

 Southern heavens, p. 288 ; Note 446. 



Pinzon, Martin Alonso, prevailed on Columbus to alter his course to the southward, 

 and the consequences of this change, p. 263, 264. 



Plato, descriptions of nature, p. 17. Of the Mediterranean, p. 117. Enduring 

 influence, in different ages, of the Platonic philosophy, together with its later 

 modifications, p. 173, 174, 244 ; Notes 268, 377, 378 



Playfair, p. 63. 



Pliny the elder, his Historia Naturalis, p. 22, 195-198 ; Note 285. 



the younger, his villas, and natural descriptions contained in his letters, p. 23 



24 ; Note 38. Praise of his uncle's work, p. 197. 



Polarisation of light, p. 328, 329. Place which the discovery of chromatic 

 polarisation holds in the history of the Science of the Cosmos, p. 102. 



Porsenna Lars, story of his tomb, Note 186. 



