X NOTES. 



( 58 ) p. 32. Bessel, in Schumacher's Jahrbuch fur 1839, S. 50. 



( 59 ) p. 32. Ehrenberg, in the Abhaudl. der Berl. Akad. 1838, S. 59 ; in 

 his " Infusionsthieren," S. 170. 



( m ) p. 33. Aristotle, at that early period, argued against Leucippus and 

 Democrites that there can be no unoccupied space no void in the Universe 

 (Phys. Auscult. iv. 6 to 10, p. 213-217, Bekker). 



( 61 ) p. 33. "Aka'sa, according to Wilson's Sanscrit Dictionary, is 'the 

 subtle and ethereal fluid supposed to fill and pervade the Universe, and to be the 

 peculiar vehicle of light and sound.' The word aka'sa (shining) comes 

 from the root ka's, to shine, combined with the preposition a. The five 

 elements collectively are called pantschata or pantschatra ; and a dead man is, 

 singularly enough, called one who has attained the five elements (prapta- 

 pantschatra), i. e. one who has been dissolved into the five elements So in 

 the text of the Amarakoscha, Amarasinha's Dictionary" (Bopp). Colebrook's 

 excellent Memoir on the Sankhya-Philosophy treats of the five elements 

 (Transactions of the Asiatic Society, Vol. i. Lond. 1827, p. 31). Strabo 

 (xv. 59, p. 713, Gas.) notices, from Megasthenes, the fifth all-fashioning 

 element of the Indians, without, however, naming it. 



( 62 ) p. 33. Empedocles (v. 216) terms the sether -rra/j.<pav6wv, bright- 

 beaming, therefore self-luminous. 



(63) p> 33._plato, Cratyl. 410, B, where &&c^> is found. Aristot. de 

 Coslo, i. 3, p. 270, Bekk.,in opposition to Anaxagoras a&fpa Trpo<r<mv6fjia(Ta.v 



irov, diro TOV 3-e?v oet r6v 6'iStov ^p6vov Sep-evai Tr\v firu- 

 O.VTW. Aval-aybpas Se KaraKe'xpTjTat rw vvo^ari rovrca 6v Ka\ws 

 yap a&fpa ai/n irvpos. In Aristot. Meteor, i. 3, p. 339, 

 lin. 21 34, Bekk., it is said more in detail " The so-called aether has an 

 ancient appellation, which Anaxagoras appears to identify with fire ; for the 

 upper region, he says, is full of fire, arid that upper region he looked upon as 

 aether : and herein he was also right, for the bodies which move eternally in 

 their courses appear to have been regarded by the ancients as having in their 

 nature something divine, and therefore were called ather, as a substance to 

 which there is nothing comparable on earth. Those, however, who regard 

 surrounding space, and not merely the bodies which move in it, as fire, and 

 all between the Earth and the stars as air, would surely give up their childish 

 dream if they would accurately consider the results of the latest researches of 

 mathematicians." (The same etymology of the word, from rapid revolution, 

 is repeated by the author of the book De Mundo, cap. 2, p. 392, Bekk.) 

 Professor Franz has justly remarked, "that the play upon words of bodies 



