68 TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM. 



the first impulse was given by the praiseworthy zeal of John 

 Barrow : Edward Sabine's magnetical and astronomical 

 observations in John Boss's Voyage to Davis Straits, Baffin's 

 Bay, and Lancaster Sound, 1818 ; and in Parry's Voyage (in 

 the ' Hecla' and ' Griper') through Barrow's Straits to Melville 

 Island, 18191820 ; Franklin, Eichardson, and Back, 1819 

 r!822; the same, 18251827; and Back alone, 1833 

 1835. (In the first of these last-named expeditions, almost the 

 only food for several weeks was a lichen, Gyrophora pmtu- 

 lata, Tripe de Roche of the Canadian hunters, chemically exa- 

 mined by John Stenhouse in the Phil. Trans, for 1849, Pt. ii. 

 p. 393) ; Parry's second expedition with Lyon, in the ' Fury' 

 and 'Hecla,' 1821 1823; and third voyage with James 

 Clark Ross, in 1824 1825 ; Parry's fourth voyage (an at- 

 tempt to reach the North Pole over the ice to the north of 

 Spitzbcrgen) with the same, and Lieutenants Foster and 

 Crozier, 1827, when they reached lat. 82 45' : John Ross, 

 with his distinguished nephew James Clark Ross (the ex- 

 penses of this voyage, which proved so perilous from its 

 long duration, 1829 1833, were defrayed by a private 

 individual, Felix Booth) ; Dease and Simpson (of the 

 Hudson's Bay Company) 18381839; and recently, in the 

 search for Sir John Franklin, the voyages of Austin, 

 Ommaney, and Penny, 1850 1851. Of these, Penny 

 advanced farthest to the north, to lat. 77 6' in Victoria 

 or Queen's Channel, which opens from Wellington Strait. 



1819 1821. Bellinghausen's voyage in the Antarctic 

 Seas. 



1819. The publication of the great work of Hansteen, 

 Magnetismus der Erde, which had, however, been finished 

 as early as 1813. This excellent work has exercised 



