ON ITS EXTERIOR. VOLCANOES. 283 



terminate relation is observed between the height of the 

 mountain and the magnitude of the crater at the summit. 

 The two largest craters belong to Grunung Tengger and 

 Grunung Kaon. The first of these is a mountain of the 

 third class, only 8700 feet high. Its circular crater is 

 about 3J miles in diameter. The level floor of the 

 crater is 1865 feet below the highest part of the 

 surrounding escarpment, and consists of a smooth bed 

 of sand or pulverised rapilli, out of which fragments 

 of scoriaceous lava project here and there. Even the 

 enormous crater of Kirauea in Hawaii, which is filled 

 with glowing lava, is inferior in size (according to the 

 exact trigonometrical survey of Captain Wilkes and 

 the excellent observations of Dana) to the crater of 

 Grunung Tengger. In the middle of the latter there rise 

 four small cones of eruption, or, more strictly speaking, 

 four ridge-encircled orifices, terminating in deep funnel- 

 shaped hollows, of which one only, Bromo (the mythic 

 name Brahma, a word which in the Kawi has the sig- 

 nification of "fire," which does not appear in the 

 Sanscrit), is now not burning. Bromo presents the re- 

 markable phenomenon of having had a lake formed in 

 its funnel from 1838 to 1842, which Junghuhn has 

 shown owed its origin to the access of atmospheric waters, 

 warmed and acidified by the infiltration of sulphuric 

 vapours. ( 413 ) Next to Gunung Tengger, Grunung Eaon 

 has the largest crater, though its diameter is only half 

 as great. The view into it is awfully grand ; it is at 

 least 2400 feet deep ; and yet this remarkable volcano 

 (10,180 feet high, and which has been ascended and 

 most carefully described by Junghuhn) ( 4l4 ) is not even 

 named in Raifles's meritorious chart. 



