302 REACTION OF THE INTERIOR OF THE EARTH 



three years : we are reminded thereby of the early state of 

 our planet, when under every latitude, and for long pe- 

 riods of time, the temperature of the atmosphere and 

 the distribution of organic life were subject to modifi- 

 cations arising from the thermic influence of the interior 

 acting through deep fissures. 



Since my description of the hornitos surrounding 

 Jorullo, many analogous features in different parts of the 

 world have been compared to them ; they, however, still 

 appear to me to stand very much alone in respect to 

 their internal composition. If we are to give the name 

 of cones of eruption to all elevations emitting vapours, 

 the hornitos certainly deserve to be called (t fumaroles ; " 

 but the term " cones of eruption," applied to them, 

 would lead to the erroneous supposition of their showing 

 traces of having erupted scoriae, or even poured forth 

 lava, as many cones of eruption have done. Wholly 

 different, for example (to recall a phenomenon of greater 

 magnitude), in Asia Minor, on the former limits be- 

 tween Mysia and Phrygia, in the ancient " burnt land " 

 (Katakekaumene), "where it is dangerous to live on 

 account of earthquakes," are the three orifices which 

 Strabo calls " (pva-ai, " (bellows), and which have been 

 rediscovered by the meritorious traveller William 

 Hamilton. ( 437 ) Cones of eruption, such as are seen in 

 the island of Lancerote, at Tinguaton, or in Lower 

 Italy, or (only 20 feet high) on the declivity of the 

 Kamtschatkan volcano Awatscha ( 438 ), which was as- 

 cended by my friend and Siberian travelling companion, 

 Ernest Hoffmann, in July 1824, consist of scoriae and 

 ashes surrounding a little crater which has emitted 

 them, and which has in turn had its margin raised 



