ON ITS EXTERIOK. VOLCANOES. 335 



historical period, from the year 89 A.D. to the beginning 

 of the seventh century. 



Volcano Ho-tscheu, also sometimes called, in the 

 very circumstantial Chinese descriptive geography, 

 volcano of Turfan: 120 geographical miles from the 

 great Solfatara of Urumtsi, near the east end of the 

 Thian-schan towards Hami, where much very fine fruit 

 is produced. 



The volcano of Demavend, which rises to a height of 

 more than 19000 feet, is about thirty miles from the south 

 shore of the Caspian, in the province of Mazenderan ; 

 almost equidistant from Kescht and Asterabad, on the 

 chain of the Hmdu-Kho, which falls away rapidly 

 towards Herat and Meschid on the west. In another 

 work (Asie centrale, t. i. p. 124129, t. iii. p. 433435) 

 I have shown that it is probable that the Hindu-Kho, 

 from Chitral and Cafiristan, is a westerly continuation 

 of the great chain of the Kuen-lun which bounds Thibet 

 on the north, and at Tsunling crosses the Bolor 

 mountains which run north and south. Demavend 

 belongs to the Persian or Caspian Elburz or Elbourz; 

 employing that term as the name of a mountain- 

 system ; not to be confounded with the Caucasian 

 mountain summit, having a name of similar sound, 

 situated 7J more to the north, and 10 more to the 

 west (now called Elburuz.) The word Elbourz is a 

 disfigurement of Albordj, the world-mountain, which is 

 connected with the very ancient cosmogony of the 

 Zend-people. 



I have said that in taking a general view of the 

 direction of the mountain systems of Central Asia, we 

 may regard the volcano of Demavend, as being nearly 



