366 REACTION OF THE INTERIOR OF THE EARTH 



have formed a connected completely molten mass, or 

 whether it may have issued forth in the form of glowing 

 fragments, which rolled down, and as they followed in 

 close succession pressed each other over the more level 

 ground." If to the more important volcanic cones 

 which have been named above, we add the many very 

 small island-volcanoes which cannot be here enumerated 

 in detail, then the sum total of all the volcanoes situ- 

 ated to the south of the parallel of Cape Serangani, on 

 Mindanao, one of the Philippines, and between the meri- 

 dians of the north-west cape of New Guinea on the east, 

 and the group of the Nicobar and Andaman islands on 

 the west, amounts, as has been already said, to 109.( 499 ) 

 It is not, however, meant that these are now all active 

 volcanoes. The estimation has been made in such 

 manner that "in Java it includes 45 volcanoes, most of 

 them being conical and furnished with craters." But of 

 these 45 only 21, and of the whole number of 109 only 

 from 42 to 45 are now active, or are known to have 

 been so within historic times. The great peak of Timor 

 once served, like Stromboli, as a lighthouse to mariners. 

 On the small island Pulu Batu (also called P. Komba), 

 a little to the north of Flores, a volcano was seen in 

 1850 to pour down glowing lava on the sea-beach, as 

 was also the case with the Peak on the larger Sangir 

 island between Magindanao and Celebes in 1812, and 

 again quite recently in the spring of 1856. Junghuhn 

 doubts whether the conical Mount Wawani or Ateti in 

 Amboina poured forth anything more than hot mud in 

 1674, and he regards the island as at present belonging 

 only to the class of solfktaras. The great group of the 

 South Asiatic islands connects itself on the one hand by 



